英国research paper代写精选:“The development of African music”,这篇论文主要介绍了非洲在殖民时期出现的不同音乐类型以及各自的背景意义。文章指出,西非音乐是非洲人民在被欧洲人俘获并贩卖到美国成为奴隶之前所流行的音乐,而西非音乐在近几年的发展逐渐与社会现实联系了起来,这对非洲音乐的发展起到了非常大的促进作用。本research paper代写由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
英国research paper代写精选: Music before the 20th century was very different when compared to the music of the 21st Century. There were distinctive occasions for each type of African music. West African music, the African Diaspora, and the music of the Colonies each had different musical instruments. West African music was the music of the African people before the Europeans captured and sold them into slavery in the Americas. It was unique in the manner in which it was played as well as the reasons why it was played. West African music was documented around the 1600's when explorers wrote journals about what they had found while traveling. Every West African village had its own professional musicians and singers who would perform for the community. Musicians were idolized in their villages. They normally sat with the king or chief because of their elevated status. West African's made music for ceremonies surrounding agriculture, the crowning a new king or chief, and the reenactment of an important event that happened in the past. Special kinds of music were played during war ceremonies, hunting excursions, and other victory celebrations. Hunting songs, war songs, and boating songs were performances of men. Music performed by women was associated with children, young girls, and funerals. An example of a festival the West Africans celebrated was called the 'Annual Customs of Dahomey'. This was a festival worshiping the king of their capital. The West Africans also had music for litigation. They would come before a judge and sing or chant their argument. Dance was also a big part in the music of West Africa. Dance was performed at ceremonies surrounding fertility, death, worship, adulthood, and other kind of certain concerns of the village. Mainly the West Africans used percussive instruments. These drums came in all sizes ranging from ten to twelve inches to ten to twelve feet. Their drums were made out of hollowed out logs and gourds with a tight skin over the hollow. They also used idiophones to make music. They used a variety of bells, castanets, gongs, and sometimes they made small xylophones or small pianos. Aerophones weren't as prevalent as the percussions or idiophones. Some explorers made small flutes, horns and trumpets from elephant tusks. These instruments as well as the drums were used as 'talking instruments'. Chordophones were exclusive in Africa. West Africans didn't have many harps, fiddles, or musical bows. When they did they were made out of gourds and deerskins with holes. Fiddles were made from cow or horsehair for the strings and a narrow box made from alligator skin. Harp strings were made from the roots of a palm wine tree. During performances on-lookers often participated by clapping their hands, tapping their feet, and dancing. They shouted encouraging words or words of disapproval to the performers indicating whether they enjoyed the performance or not. Call-and-response was big in West Africa. There would be a lead singer with a few others would act as a chorus to the one lead singer. That lead singer would sing a refrain while the others would almost sing back to the lead singer while singing their refrain. This call-and-response technique was representative of poetry as well as music. During the seventeenth century Africans were brought to the mainland colonies. The earliest black settlers were indentured servants. Black people weren't the only indentured servants, white people and native Americans were also forced to work. African Diaspora was the music of the slaves and indentured servants. It connects to the Colonial Era Around 1650 the first indentured servants were released after completing their respective amounts of servitude. Around that same time more and more Africans were being brought to the colonies as servants of some time but for most part, as servants of all time. During this period, black slavery was being established as law throughout the colonies. Although slavery was illegal in Massachusetts at that time, the slave traders had found ways to work around that law. They were technically slaves but they weren't directly called slaves. Black slaves were being taken away from their families and were not permitted to bring material objects with them. In the Colonies, Africans weren't allowed to read, write, or learn anything except for what their master taught them. Some Africans learned to play a musical instrument by watching other white male musicians. Some became relatively famous. They had memories and their culture of music to keep their minds off of their enslavement. Their music in Africa was reflected in the new songs they sang as a release from the physical and mental cruelty of their new slavery. During the Colonial Era slaves were allowed to attend church Sundays. This brought congregational singing into their lives. Black men and women had there own special pews and they would chant one or two lines at a time ending on a definite pitch and then the congregation would follow singing with the same line. This was called 'lining out' which still lingers on in black churches today. They learned to sing psalms by hearing them and then ach time they were sung, the tune would change a little. Singing schools eventually started appearing so people could receive 'correct singing'. Organs were brought into churches. During the 1730's a more upbeat singing pattern came to the churches called Hymnody. They were religious poems rather then psalms which became vastly popular through the colonies. In the colonies, black musicians were entertainment for the colonists performing dance music. They would play for balls, country-dances, and sometimes in dance schools. Slaves played this music because they were consistent, experienced, and inexpensive. Many slaves were sold expensively because they had a musical talent. Slave musicians were mostly flute or violin players, which made them more valuable to the white colonists because dancers preferred these instruments. Slaves, who weren't allowed to read or write, were able to play instruments so well because, according to Eileen Southern in the book The Music of Black Americans, 'It is thus logical to accept the notion that colonial slaves also might have taught themselves, especially since they were closer to the African tradition, and would have remembered the musical activities they pursed before coming to the New World.' (49) For slaves, the musical instruments favored were usually easy to learn, the instrument had easy access so they could practice at anytime, and their instrument had to be useful so that when they finally learned to play it, they could perform it well. Learning to play instruments and singing fell into to place when they had celebrations for example ''Lection Day'. This was when the black slaves would get together and vote for a 'governors'. Slaves were given Wednesday to Sunday to elect their 'governors'. During this celebration slave sang and danced to fiddles they played. One piece that I listened to was Amazing Grace by Aretha Franklin. She has such a powerful voice that the song struck me as a prefect song to go along with the slavery era. The slaves kept their mind off the work they were doing by singing. Singing a song like Amazing Grace is a way to keep your emotions fixated on the song rather then the work. Listening to Aretha Franklin sing this song was such a joy because, although they play this song mainly at funerals, listening to her sing it just put a smile on my face. The second piece I listened to was Fix Me Jesus sung by the University of Mississippi Concert Singers with conductor Jerry Jordon. What struck me in this song was I heard it in the Alvin Ailey Company video in class we watched. I liked this song because it reminded me of the songs the slaves sang during their one day off thinking what have they done wrong to deserve this treatment, please fix me Jesus. This really just hit me as startling and heartbreaking. While West African music, the African Diaspora, and the music of the Colonies all had their unique music, these three time periods all blended in together creating music that would follow from generation to generation. African music soon blended into slavery music, which blended into spiritual and gospel, then soon blended into blues, rhythm and blues, and then maybe into hip hop as we know today. African American music to me is poetry of feeling. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询51Due哦。
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英国research paper代写精选:“The way of interpersonal communication”,这篇论文主要讲述了人际沟通与交流的问题,文章对传统的沟通方式与新兴的沟通方式分别展开了分析和讨论,并指出人际沟通与交流的重要性,以及正确的沟通方式所能带来的提升作用。本research paper代写由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
英国research paper代写精选: There are two traditional approaches to communication: transmission and ritual. The transmission approach views communication as 'conveying information over a distance for the purpose of control' whereas the ritual approach views it as 'a representation of shared beliefs' (Carey, n.d.). The traditional approaches are viewed as 'counter posed' views of communication as none of the approaches contests what the other has to offer. However their insights into the process of communication have given rise to a new cultural approach to communication where communication is defined as 'a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed' (Carey, 1988, pp. 23-24). This approach helps in understanding the existing communication processes in a disarmingly simplistic manner which makes it a wonderful experience. The objective of this essay is to analyze the cultural approach to communication with the help of a communication process, in this case, dance. This essay attempts to describe the process of cultural approach to communication with the help of dance as a communication process. Dance was chosen for the case study because it is a social and culturally significant process. Most people have an 'intuitive' understanding of dance, even from different cultures, but what they lack is the ability to explain it to others in terms of a communication process. In his book Experimence and Nature, Dewey claimed that the 'of all things communication is the most wonderful' (1939, p. 385). However, the everyday activities like conversations, giving and receiving instruction, sharing of information, entertaining others and getting entertained which are collectively termed as communication (Carey, 1988, p. 23) are routine activities. They happen so often and are so redundant that they are almost trivial and stop receiving our attention. There is nothing wonderful about these activities unless there is 'excessive masochism' like a brilliant opera or a sensational news item. Such wonderfulness is rare which leads many communication scholars to term day-to-day communication as a 'common and mundane human experience'. However, Carey does not subscribe to this view as he believes that Dewey must have meant something deeper when he termed communication as the 'most wonderful thing'. According to Carey, communication appears mundane as people focus too much on trivial aspects that they forget the awesomeness in it. In his cultural approach to communication, Carey proposed to make communication appear problematic by inversing the relationship between realism and symbolic forms. Carey used the term 'symbolic process' which creates reality to explain the wonderfulness in communication. By the term 'symbolic process', Carey meant a representation for community ideals in the material forms. The material forms or symbols can be artistic expressions like song, dance, plays, painting or journalism or scientific subjects such as anthropology or biology. The common belief among majority of people is reality is primary and symbolic representation is secondary. This means that there is an all encompassing reality which does not change, what changes is the peole's perception of reality which they represent through an artistic expression or scientific subject. For example, a painter who is pessimistic and sees everything which is wrong in the society is likely to produce 'darker' paintings because it is his perception of reality. The cultural apporach however counters this belief by contesting that the symbols are primary. The symbolic process creates reality or as Kenneth Burke says 'reality is the signs of words'. Carey argues that there is no single reality which is all encompassing, rather reality is brought into existence by multiple symbolic processes going on in the universe at any point of time. For example, a news item (symbolic process) may lead people to act in a certain way which will create new reality. This reality is different for different people and thus reality is not 'a given'. Dance is a non-verbal communication process which is social and culturally significant. Most people have an intuitive understanding of dance which helps them in evaluating dance from various cultures. There are several genres of dance from classical ballet to popular dance forms, from ritual dance to forms of sport such as figure skating. Different forms of dance are prevalent in different parts of the world such as classical ballet in Europe and ritual dance in Asia. Each culture has its own unique element in dancing, for example, association of musical instruments such as drums with dancing in most of Africa. A common understanding of the important elements of dance across cultures is thus important to understand the communication process. There are several attempts made by researchers to define dance in their cultural context. The Webster's Third International Dictionary defines dance as 'rythmic movemement having as its aim the creation of visual designs by a series of poses through space in time and executed by body parts with a certain temperament and purpose' (Kurath, 1960, pp. 234-235). According to Hanna, the concept of series of poses stands good in traditional dance categories such as classical ballet and ritual dance, however fail in modern dance forms such as Tharp in which the dancers' bodies just keep spiralling and there is no distinct series of poses (1987). which stand good in their own cultures but fail in their understanding of cross-cultural elements. Keali'inohomoku (1972, p. 387) defines dance as an 'affective mode of expression which requires both time and space, employs motor behaviour in redundant patterns which are closely linked to the definitve features of musicality'. According to Hanna, this definition is too limited as dance can occur without expression of emotions. Moreover, redundancy is not a feature of many dance forms and they often have a unique beginning and climax. The association of musicality with dance is very limited in scope as music and dance are two separate activities and need not happen together. In fact, several dance forms such as figure gymnastics take place without music. The present definitions stand good in their limited cultural context, but fail when applied to diverse cross-cultural dance forms. These definitions of dance are limited in their understanding of important elements of dance across cultures. They either incorporate unnecessary elements (such as transcending utility in Kurath's definition) or leave out important elements (such as culturally patterned sequence in Keali'inohomoku's definition. Hanna attempts to bridge this gap in cross-cultural understanding of dance by establishing four criteria which must be fulfilled for an activity to be termed as dance i) purposeful, ii) intentionally rhythmical, iii) culturally patterned sequences of iv a) non verbal body movements, b) extra ordinary motor activites, c) motion having inherent and aesthetic value (Hanna, 1987, p. 19). To analyze dance from a cultural approach to communication, Carey's notion of communication, that is, 'reality is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed' has to be evaluated in the context of dance. While dance is influenced by a culture, it also creates a culture (producing reality) of its own. Like any other artists, dancers vie to be unique in their art by incorporating unique steps in their movements which are not necessarily influenced by their culture. A prime example will be Michael Jackson who influenced a new fashion and dance culture of his own throughout the world with his unique steps. Jackson's dance works have lasted in the memories of viewers in the forms of records beyond the actual dance situation. This has influenced thousands of youngsters to copy Jackson which has 'produced reality' by creating a form of dance and even fashion which previously did not exist. Once the reality has been produced, the creators look to maintain the reality in the wake of new generations who might find it 'problematic' by creating rigid rules and regulations. This 'maintenance of reality' is visible in popular dance forms such as classical ballet. Brinson (1991) observes that the national dance culture in elitist Europe has often rigid formality and artificiality which forces the dancers to be within the realm of existing reality. The dance schools and theatres impose this rigidity on students of dance which can be viewed as an effort to maintain reality. It has been moderately successful in some cases. The traditional Indian dance forms such as Bharatnatyam and Kuchipudi are said to have retained their original form after even centuries of their origin despite many external modernizing pressures. In most cases, however, the new generation finds the existing dance forms too 'problematic' and seek to incorporate newer changes (repairing and transforming the reality). A prime example can be Isadora Duncan who worked towards loosening the restrictions on classical ballet and formed a modern dance tradition known as Twyla Tharp. In most cases, however, the repaired reality is caused due to cultural (external) changes. In Duncan's case, the rise of theatre dance and vaudeville created an appropriate condition for her to introduce changes to the classical and more rigid form of ballet. This contradicts with Carey's notion that transformation in reality will happen due to symbolic process. In the case of Twyla Tharp and most other modern dance forms, the symbolic process has happened due to transformation in reality or cultural changes. This can mean two things. One of them is that Communication, as many scholars claimed, a 'most mundane experience' after all. This means that most of the communication around us is a representation of the reality and not the other way round as Carey theorized. Only on rare activities with 'excessive masochism' can it influence the reality. This was the case with Jackson and Duncan as both were wonderful exponents of their art that they were able to influence a whole new reality due to their lasting effect on people's memories. A more plausible explanation can be that communication acts as representation of reality and for reality at the same time depending upon the point of view. Borrowing from Bakhtin's concept of Intertextuality, an artist's work results from an influence of multiple inner voices and yet is completely different from any other artist. Taking this concept into the dance forms, a dancer plays two roles in communication process. He is not only influenced by existing cultural phenomenon which determines his purpose and patterns, he also influences the actual culture through his unique rhythmical patterns which are independent of cultural influence. So a dancer is not only influenced by reality but also creates reality at the same time. The magnitude of his role depends upon the ability of the artist and external conditions prevailing. This explains the case of Jackson and Duncan satisfactorily. The purpose of this essay was to evaluate the effectiveness of Cultural approach to communication using dance as communication process. Dance can create new reality and maintain it. But the changes in reality (repair and transformation) often happen under the influence of external conditions. It was found that Carey's notion of symbolic processes creating reality is one-dimensional. It assumes that symbolic processes are the origin and reality is a manifestation of it. However, it was revealed that symbolic processes play a dual role of influencer and influenced at the same time. This opens the question of origin of symbols and reality. It can form the scope of future studies on cultural approach to communication. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 如今,越来越多的中国学生选择到英国进行留学,到英国留学有不同的年龄阶段选择,那么,不同的年龄阶段都有着什么样的优劣势呢?下面,就让51due英国论文代写平台来帮大家普及一下吧!
一、初中留学 优势:尽早了解异国文化,可塑性强,能更好地适应国外的生活。 劣势:学生的独自生活能力差,自我约束能力差,容易学坏。 这个年龄段的孩子,已经开始进入到青春期了,所以会开始慢慢地形成一些个人的思维和看法。换句话说,这个时期的孩子开始向成人过渡,很多价值观的雏形开始形成。在这样一个关键的时间点送孩子出国留学需要慎重,对于学校的选择和对孩子的监护与引导也要到位,不然只会是欲速则不达的结果。对于这个年龄阶段出国留学的孩子,很多家长担心的是语言,其实这个恰恰是最不需要担心的。这个年龄段的孩子,最重要的是个性的培养、判断对错的能力和对自己言行负责任的态度。因此相应的,家长在选择学校的时候,应该根据自己孩子的特点进行差异性选择:如果是个性乖张、被家里宠坏的孩子,会比较适合走读的、校风校规相对严谨的学校,然后住到一家有爱心的家庭;如果独立能力还可以,学习也比较自觉的孩子,可以考虑寄宿学校。 二、高中留学 优势:本科留学会更方便。 劣势:高中学习紧张,出国留学适应太慢的学生可能会浪费大把时间。 近几年,一些条件较好的家庭会让孩子在高中时就出国留学,一方面,出国上高中不用经历国内残酷的高考,另一方面,出国上高中会更有利于本科的留学。例如申请英国的大学,学校就非常注重学生A-Level课程的成绩,可如果没有在英国上高中的话,就可能会被拒绝,或者说,学生还需要读多一年的预科课程。 三、大学留学 优势:具备独自生活的能力,留学生也已形成独立的思维和价值体系。 劣势:留学生要经历一个复杂和麻烦的申请过程。 高中毕业去国外留学读本科,这时候小伙伴们大多已经成年,也具备了独自生活的能力,形成了独立的思维和价值体系,所以能够相对独立地安排一些自己的事情。准备上完高中再出国留学的小伙伴,在国内上国际学校或者国际部的学生会相对轻松,因为这些学校已经有全英文授课的优势,所以在准备雅思和托福考试的时候会相对轻松;而上的是体制内高中的学生,不但要参与准备高考的应试教育,还要利用课余时间准备申请国外院校所需要的一些资料。 四、研究生留学 优势:国外的研究生时长普遍比国内少一到两年,省时省钱。 劣势:基本的价值观和体系已经形成,不太容易接受当地的思想和文化理念。 到国外读研究生,课程的时长普遍比国内少一到两年,相对来说省时省钱,留学的院校排名靠前的话,小伙伴们相对来说就具有很大的优势了,这样在较短的时间内获得一个含金量非常高的文凭是不难的,对于就业也非常地有利。 以上为小编为大家整理的英国不同年龄阶段留学的优劣势对比,希望能够帮助到大家。更多心理学essay等论文辅导,可以关注51Due英国论文代写平台。51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有论文代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国stat代写论文精选:“正态分布统计报告”,这篇论文主要介绍了正态分布的基本概念,以及正态分布的应用方法、应用场景。文章指出,正态分布是在数理统计中常用的一种方法,在分析报告中经常会使用。本stat代写论文由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
英国stat代写论文精选: Executive Summary This report concerns the evaluation and risk analysis of the total revenue for USA Super Cars, with the assumption of independent normal distributions of currencies. Two estimates are performed based on the estimation of mean and standard deviation of the currencies from the source and the estimation using the prevailing exchange rates. Using the first method, the mean of the total revenue is $2,191,461 with standard deviation $37,869, and the 5% Value at Risk is $2,129,171. The mean estimated from the second method is $2,529,084 with standard deviation $84,039, and the 5% Value at Risk is $2,390,851. Since the evaluation using the prevailing exchange rates is more reliable, the uncertainty of the risk is larger than expected. Since the bank offers only $2,150,000 for the total revenue and the prevailing exchange rates suggest the company could earn more than this number, the offer is not acceptable if the currency risks are properly hedged. Four ways to hedge the currency risk include investing in currency-hedged mutual fund or exchange-traded fund, shorting the over-valued currency, buying the under-valued currency, and pursuing for higher interest rate. Of course, the decision of the company should incorporate the risk preference and expectation of future changes of exchange rates. In this case, the Sale Manger is risk-averse while the CEO is not. On the other side, the bank if buys the total revenue, then the bank is taking the uncertainties of currencies and the default risk. Actions could be taken after the interested parties taking comprehensive consideration of all sorts of risks. Limitation of the report mainly comes from the assumption of independence and normality, as well as the validity of the estimate of the mean and standard deviation of the currencies. Introduction USA Super Cars sells luxury cars and has signed a forward contract to deliver in 1st Jan 2016 to its global customers. Providing that the selling prices are fixed in local currencies at the prevailing exchange rate, a risk analysis is performed to instruct all the instructed parties to cope with the uncertainty. Risk evaluation is performed with the assumed normal distribution of the exchange rate, and the currencies are independent. The report includes the estimation of the revenue and risk analysis for the interested parties for both the estimated exchange rate in 1st Jan 2016 and the prevailing exchange rate. At last limitation and suggestions would be provided based on the data analysis. Estimation of the revenue Since the estimation of exchange rate of EUR/USD is not available, it is estimated by using the daily closing values from the last 24 months, 28 November 2013 to 27 November 2015 from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2015). The mean and standard deviation for Euro is calculated as 1.23213 and 0.11825 to US dollar, respectively. Filling in the estimation of France order, the table of total estimation is listed as in table 1. Since all the currencies are assumed to follow independent normal distribution, the total revenue is actually the linear combination of a series of independent normal random variables. According to Weiss and Weiss (2012), the total revenue follows a normal distribution, with the mean being the sum of means and standard deviation being the square of sum of variances. Specifically, the estimated mean of the total revenue is $2,191,461 and standard deviation is $37,869. That is to say the average tendency of the total revenue is $2,191,461, and the variation to it is $37,869. More intuitively, the distribution of total revenue is plotted in figure 1, as the frequency massed around the mean value. Given the estimated distribution of the total revenue, the probability of the total revenue exceeds or falls below certain threshold could be calculated. Following the cumulative probability density of normal distribution, the revenue that exceeds $2,280,000 has the probability of 0.97% and the revenue that is less than $2,160,000 has the probability of 20.31%. Risk analysis of interested parties If HSBC offers to pay $2,150,000 in return of the uncertain currencies, evaluation could be conducted according to the estimated distribution. The cumulative distribution of the total revenue at $2,150,000 is 13.68%, which means the probability of total revenue exceeding $2,150,000 is 13.68% and the probability of total revenue less than this amount is 86.32%. That is to say, there is large chance that the total revenue is worthy of more money than the tendered offer from HSBC. It is not a good offer for USA Super Cars, because the company is very likely to earn more. Furthermore, the offer from HSBC is even less than the mean value of the total revenue, $2,191,461, therefore it could be hardly considered as a good offer. If the Sales Manager is willing to accept the offer, which means he possesses pessimistic expectation about the future value of the total revenue and the loss hurts him more than the utility from equivalent gain. This fits the definition of risk-averse (Investopedia, 2015) exactly, which refers to the behaviour that the investor prefers to the return with smaller risk and gives up the higher possible return. Since the CEO refuses to accept the offer, that is to say the CEO is expecting a higher return with higher risk and the Sales Manager is more risk-averse. Apart from the uncertainties of the exchange rate, if the offer is accepted by the company the bank is also taking the counterparty risk (Merk Funds, 2014). The forward contract features the risk when the future price moves in favour of the counterparty then the company would have incentive to default, while when the future prices moves against the counterparty then the buyers would default. The latter situation is the counterparty risk, and if the bank’s offer is accepted while the counterparty defaults, this increases the uncertainty of the bank. Analysis with prevailing exchange rate If the bank is to pay the money next week, it would better to perform the risk analysis with the prevailing exchange rates. Exporting all the data from Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (2015), the standard deviation of the exchange rates are replaced with the estimation using the last 24 month daily data and the mean is replaced with the last closing price in 27 November 2015, as in table 2. The estimated mean of the total revenue is $2,529,084 and standard deviation $84,039, compared to the results $2,191,461 and $37,869 respectively. So if the bank offers to pay $2,150,000, it is not favourable at all since the mean increases to a large number valued by the prevailing exchange rate. Statistically speaking, the probability that the total return would be less than $2,150,000 is 0.00032%, which is extremely unlikely to happen. On the other side, if the bank pays next week, USA Super Cars would be able to secure the revenue in a short time and to reduce the risk. So the situation differs since the risk of the company reduces and the valuation of the total returns changes. When USA Super Cars expects that US dollars depreciate hugely and expects the total return is less than $2,150,000, or the company is extremely risk-averse, the company would prefer the payment to be made next week. Because the payment to be made next week would reduce the uncertainty of the company while the prevailing evaluation of the total revenue suggests the offered price from HSBC is not favourable. When HSBC holds the anticipation that the total revenue in New Year’s Day exceeds the payment plus time value, the bank would prefer the payment to be made next week. Assuming the bank converts all the currencies into US dollars at the prevailing exchange rates, the probability that the bank would incur a loss is 0.00032% as discussed above. As illustrated in figure 2, the distribution of total revenue could be compared in which one is estimated by the provided values while another one uses the prevailing exchange rate. The 5% Value at Risk is $2,390,851 with the estimated normal distribution. Ignoring the time value of the money in this case, the expected profit for the bank is the difference between the mean of revenue and the offer price. Therefore the expected profit is $379,084. The comparison could be made to the situation using the provided values of mean and standard deviation of the currencies, instead of the prevailing exchange rates. The 5% Value at Risk for the valuation of total revenue not using prevailing exchange rates is $2,129,171 and expected profit for the bank in this case is $41,461. Since the provided estimate of mean and deviation of the currencies differs greatly from the estimate using prevailing exchange rates, this is the reason of shift of the Value at Risk and expected profit after using prevailing exchange rates. As suggested by Borzykowski (2014), there are four ways to hedge to currency risks, including investing in currency-hedged mutual fund or exchange-traded fund, shorting the over-valued currency, buying the under-valued currency, and pursuing for higher interest rate. If the bank chooses not to convert all the currencies or just converts some currencies, those four ways to hedge the currency risks could be adopted. Limitation The risk report relies greatly on the assumption of independent normal distributions of currencies and the validity of the estimations. First of all, the independent normal distributions of currencies are not plausible as pointed out in the seminal work of McFarland, Pettit and Sung (1982). The distribution of financial data, especially the foreign exchange rates, features leptokurtosis, which refers to heavy tails and sharp peaks different from normal distribution (Hodrick, 2014). The independent assumption also limits the analysis as pointed out by Bradshaw and Huang (1991) that global currencies are dependent subjecting to structural economic dependences. At last, the estimate of mean and standard deviation of the currencies either provided from the source or using the daily data of last 24 months. The validity of the estimate from the source is hard to evaluate without knowledge of the involved methods, while the estimation using prevailing exchange rates relies on the normal distribution. Conclusion As the discussed in the analysis above, the total revenues has the mean value of $2,191,461 and standard deviation $37,869 using the estimate of mean and standard deviation for the currencies provided in the source. If the total revenue is evaluated by the prevailing exchange rates, by replacing the mean with the last daily closing price and the standard deviation with the estimation from daily data of last 24 months, the mean value is $2,529,084 and standard deviation $84,039. Since the standard deviation reflects the risk of the currencies, the company faces higher uncertainty of the currency revenue. Since the bank offers to pay $2,150,000 for the total revenue, the company should be considerate enough to the future trend of foreign currencies and their risk preference. Providing the total revenue is valued using the prevailing exchange rates, the company should not accept the offer from HSBC. Actually, the company could take measures to hedge the risk like invest in currency-hedged mutual fund in order to secure higher revenue. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 哲学论文代写精选:“领导需要具备的特征”,这篇论文主要讲述了作为政治领导所需具备的基本特征。文章指出,性格、愿景和政治能力是任何渴望领导地位的人所需具备的基本特征,如果失去了这几个基本特征,那么团队领导起来便没有凝聚力,也失去了风向标。本哲学论文代写由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
哲学论文代写精选: Gergen suggested that character, vision, and political capacity are three essential traits of anyone aspiring to a leadership position. The seven virtues from Barker and Coy's (2003) study are humility; courage; integrity; humour; passion; compassion; and wisdom. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) pointed out that leadership trait consists of six elements: drive; desire to lead; honesty and integrity; self-confidence; cognitive ability; and knowledge of the business. The indications of transformational leadership style from leaders' self-ratings are perceiving, extraversion and intuition while subordinates indicated that the most transformational leaders were sensing leaders Bass (1985), Tichy and Devanna (1990) and Ross and Offerman (1997) pointed out that creativity, novelty, innovativeness, proneness to risk, courageous, believing in people, value-driven, life-long learners, pragmatism, nurturance, feminine attributes and self-confidence are the personality characteristics regarded of transformational leaders. Most of these qualities can be connected with intuition, feeling and perceiving preferences according to theory of the MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator). Church and Waclawski (1998) added also that extrovert, intuitive, thinking and perceiving are more transformational than their counterparts. This was supported by Roush's (1992) study of subordinates' appraisals that feeling, perceiving, intuition, and extroversion preferences received the most positive transformational ratings. Intuitive and perceiving preferences were more likely to indicate a transformational leadership style (Van Eron and Burke, 1992). While Roush and Atwater (1992) found sensing and feeling preferences were strongly associated with transformational leadership according to subordinates' ratings. Another group of scholars examined the relationship between leaders' personality with the Five Factors Model. Judge et al. (2002), and Bono and Judge (2004) revealed that extroversion has strongest correlation with transformational leadership. The study by Judge and Bono (2000) asserted that extroversion and agreeableness were correlated with transformational leadership. In addition, Ployhart et al. (2001) showed that openness and extroversion were predictive of maximum transformational leadership performance. In this study, the personal characteristics of project managers were measured following the personal competencies framework in the Project Manager Competency Development (PMCD) Framework developed by the PMI (2002). This standard identifies the personal characteristics of effective project managers regardless of the nature, type, size, or complexity of projects they may be engaged in managing. This model was adopted because PMI materials are being used in many countries The following discussions on personal competencies are extracted from PMI (2002). Personal competencies As stated by Boyatzis (1982), competence means different things to different people. However, it is generally accepted as encompassing knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours that are causally related to superior job performance. This understanding of competence has been described as attribute-based inference of competence (Heywood, Gonczi et al., 1992). Alternatively, performance-based approach to competence can be inferred from demonstrated performance at pre-defined acceptable standards in the workplace (Gonczi, Hager et al., 1993). The PMI's definition of 'competency' adopted from Parry's (1998) work is 'a cluster of related knowledge, attitudes, skills, and other personal characteristics that affects a major part of one's job, correlates with performance on the job, can be measured against well-accepted standards, can be improved via training and development and can be broken down into dimensions of competencies'. The major components of competencies include: abilities, attitudes, behaviour, knowledge, personality and skills. The PMI's definition of 'personal competency' adopted from Finn (1993) and Crawford (1997) is 'the core personality characteristics underlying a person's capability to do a project. These are behaviour, motives, traits, attitudes, and self concepts that enable a person to successfully manage a project'. The personal competencies from PMI presented here are those considered to best represent the personal characteristics required of a competent project manager in any type of project. They were derived from the Competency Dictionary (Spencer Model) developed by Lyle and Signe Spencer (1993) and adapted to fit the technical need of the PMCD framework. The six competence units are: Achievement and action: This competency consists of achievement orientation; concern for order in quality and accuracy; initiative and information seeking. Helping and human service: This competency implies that the manager has customer service orientation and interpersonal understanding. Impact and influence: This competency comprises impact and influence capability; organisation awareness and relationship building. Managerial competency: This competency includes teamwork and cooperative; capability in developing others; team leadership and directiveness, assertiveness and positional power using. Cognitive: This competency implies that the manager has both analytical thinking capability and conceptual thinking ability. Personal effectiveness: This competency covers self-control; self-confidence; flexibility and organisational commitment. who encourages subordinates to put in extra effort and to go beyond what they (subordinates) expected before. The subordinates of transformational leaders feel trust, admire, loyal and respect towards leaders and are motivated to perform extra-role behaviours (Bass, 1985; Katz and Kahn, 1978; Bass and Avolio, 1993; Conger et al., 2000). Howell and Frost (1989), Clover (1990), Deluga (1992), Kirkpatrick and Locke (1996), Barling et al. (1996) asserted that transformational leadership styles affect higher task performance. While Hater and Bass (1998), Howell and Frost (1989) and Conger et al. (2000) claimed that transformational leadership behaviours are associated with subordinates' satisfaction. Transformational leaders achieve the greatest performance from subordinates since they are able to inspire their subordinates to raise their capabilities towards success and develop subordinates' innovative problem- solving skills (Bass, 1985; Yammarino and Bass, 1990). Jung et al. (2003) found significant relationships between this style and innovative-supporting organisational climate. Moreover, Shin and Zhou (2003) also reported positive relationship with followers' level of creativity. This paper set out to examine the influence of project managers' personal competencies and leadership behaviours on subordinates' work performance and leadership outcomes using data from 52 construction projects in Thailand. The outcomes regarding project managers' personal competencies show that Thai project managers have cognitive competency higher than other competencies tested in this study. Correlation analysis result clarified that project managers with high helping and human service competency and/or personal effectiveness competency are likely to generate high work quality, work quantity and problem solving creativity from their subordinates whereas those with high cognitive competency supported subordinates to produce high work quantity and problem solving creativity while those with high achievement and action competency are likely to derive better work quality from the subordinates. The association between PMCD personal competencies (achievement and action, helping and human service, impact and influence, managerial, cognitive and personal effectiveness) developed by PMI (2002) and MLQ leadership behaviours developed by Bass and Avolio's (2004) reveals that the entire personal competencies have significant positive relationship with every factor in the transformational style but they have significant positive relationship with only contingent reward factor in transactional style whereas they all have negative relationship with laissez-faire style. It implies that project managers who apply transformational leadership behaviours with their subordinates are assumed to have the essential personal characteristics required of a competent project manager defined by PMI as well. The results further indicate that all personal competencies units have significant positive relationship with leadership outcomes (effectiveness, satisfaction and extra effort). A possible explanation for this is a project manager with high PMCD personal competencies is likely to produce effectiveness from his/her leadership, by achieving organisational objectives, goals and assisting his/her subordinates to success in their work life, more than one with less. In addition, the stronger the PMCD personal competencies a project manager has the more his/her ability to make the subordinates satisfied and to motivate them to put extra effort into their work. Among all the PMCD personal competencies, personal effectiveness competency has the highest relationship with all leadership outcome aspects. It implies that a project manager with high self-control, self-confidence, flexibility and organisational commitment is likely to produce higher work effectiveness while at the same time generating subordinates' satisfaction and supporting them to put great effort into their work than those with high level in other competencies. Another finding of this study is that the leadership style mostly adopted and proving to be most suitable for Thai people is the transformational leadership style. Results clearly indicate that transformational leadership style creates leadership outcomes (effectiveness, satisfaction and extra effort) from subordinate more than transactional and laissez-faire leadership style. This finding agrees with Katz and Kahn (1978), Bass(1985), Hater and Bass (1988), Howell and Frost (1989), Bass and Avolio (1993) and Conger et al. (2000). It implies that a project manager who adopts the transformational leadership style is supposed to produce effectiveness from his/her leadership, by achieving organisational targets, goals and support his/her subordinates to accomplish the needs in their job more than a project manager who adopts the transactional leadership style or the laissez-faire style. Transformational leadership style also yields higher satisfaction from subordinates and spur them to exert more effort to work than the transactional leadership style in construction projects in Thailand. Regarding the influence of leadership behaviours on subordinates' work performance, a project manager who adopts the transformational leadership approach can support subordinates to produce better work quality and work quantity. This agrees with Howell and Frost (1989), Clover (1990), Deluga (1992), Kirkpatrick and Locke (1996), Barling et al. (1996) and Sosik et al. (1997). In addition, subordinates tend to have high creativity in problem solving when working with transformational leaders. This finding supports both the study by Jung et al. (2003), and Shin and Zhou (2003). CONCLUSION This study focused mainly on the effect of project managers' personal competencies and their leadership style on subordinates' work performance and leadership outcomes. Another issue of concern here is the relationship between project managers' personal competencies and their leadership behaviours. It was intended to identify the most appropriate leadership style and the required personality, attribute and skills of the proficient project managers in the construction industry. In summary, a project manager with high PMCD personal competencies tend to produce leadership outcomes (effectiveness, satisfaction, extra effort) more than one who has less while a project manager with high personal effectiveness competency is likely to produce higher levels in all leadership outcomes than those with high level in other competencies. Transformational leadership style is the major leadership style in Thai construction projects. Results also clarified that this leadership style is likely to generate higher leadership outcomes than the transactional style and the laissez-fairestyle. Transformational leadership style tends to produce high work quality, work quantity, and problem solving creativity from subordinates. Besides, leaders who apply transformational behaviours are likely to have the vital project manager personal characteristics as defined by the PMI also. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS The study adds some additional knowledge in the appropriate leadership style and effective personal competencies of construction project manager for the eastern context in the 21st century. The results clarified that project managers who apply transformational leadership style as well as those with high PMCD personal competencies are likely to generate greater leadership outcomes and work performance from their subordinates in construction projects. It implies that, project managers can adjust their leadership behaviours in practical ways and develop their own personal competencies to fit with subordinates' preferences and support them to produce high work performance as well as enhance leadership outcomes. In addition, the human resource management function in the construction companies can utilise these results for their leadership development effort. Emerging from this study is the need for further studies in several directions. First, this study used Bass and Avolio's (2004) MLQ to measure leadership behaviours of project managers whereas personal competencies were measured following PMCD developed by the PMI (2002). It would be interesting to use other instruments to measure leader behaviours and personal competencies or to employ several instruments at the same time and compare the results. Second, this paper examined the current leadership behaviour and its effects on people working in the Thai construction industry. It would inform the research community to gather data from other industries which have different nature of work in order to determine if there is a fit between leadership style and nature of work or personality and nature of work. Third, there are other possible explanations for the result in this study. It is possible that the leadership styles adopted at the professional to professional level is different from those adopted at the professional to technician or worker level. That is, managers may adopt transformational leadership when dealing with other professionals but may choose to adopt transactional leadership when leading technicians or site workers. A study clarifying this would seem to be appropriate. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 哲学论文代写精选:“归纳问题的理性回应”,这篇论文主要介绍了归纳的定义、归纳问题的类型,以及归纳问题的方法。文章指出,归纳问题的理性回应是语用理性,所以我们不应该拒绝从归纳法中得来的结论,因为有时候最好的解释便是超于常人的感应。本哲学论文代写由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
哲学论文代写精选: INTRODUCTION There are three main types of scientific reasoning: Deduction, Original Induction, and inference to the best explanation (“superinduction”). In this paper, I will argue that the rational response to the problem of induction is pragmatic rationality. We should not reject the conclusion draw from Induction methods immediately, because sometimes the best explanation and only method in scientific reasoning to explain the world is superinduction. Firstly, I will discuss what the problem of induction is, in different perspective. Secondly, I will support my claim by examples and theories. And then I will give explanations to contradict any counter arguments, and reach to a final conclusion. What is Induction? To understand what the problem of induction is, we first need to understand what Induction is. Original Induction means that we draw the conclusion from things we have experienced or examples we have seen. In other words, from given premises, we reach to a conclusion of object. This method certainly has its veracity. People always use their past experience as a standard to judge similar situations. Use an example from the notes, every blood test prove one is type O, then we can inducted that the next blood result will also be Type O. And this assumption is absolutely legitimate. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION Every premise in Induction is a single aspect, and the conclusion is ampliated to a much bigger range including all the given premises and non-given premises. This means that sometimes not all premises have been discovered and included into consideration, there might be a possibility that we have missing some critical premises which will make the conclusion false. CONCLUSION The problem of induction have been a myth for a long time, many scientists proposed ways to solve it, but all failed. Perhaps there really is no way to solve the problem. However, we could use inference to the best explanation to get the most suitable explanation for the current time. As science has been, is and will always be improving, new explanations will be proposed and old theories will be waived. For any StudentPapers.htmlnew hypothesis, it should at least be examined by Giere’s six steps program first to see if it is valid. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 长久以来,英国一直以其高质量的教育水平和完善的教育制度,走在世界教育文化领域的前列。那么,到底在英国留学有哪些优势呢?下面,就让51due英国论文代写平台来为大家梳理一下吧!
一、 享誉全球的高质量教育水准 英国教育以历史悠久、标准严、质量高著称于世,各大院校均享有良好的声誉,所颁发文 凭含金量高,不仅得到国际公认,工资薪酬也名列世界第一。 二、 积极主动吸收国际学生的政策 近年来,英国政府对中国教育市场的重视有增无减,并表现出大量吸收中国学生的积极态度,所以在签证方面,要比美、加等国显得多了一些“宽容与偏爱”。 三、 院校众多,专业丰富,选择广泛 目前,英国有800多所寄宿学校、600多所延续教育学院、90多所大学(包括牛津、剑桥、曼大等名扬四海的大学)、150多所学院,以及1400多个专业和37000多种学位供留学生自由选择。 四、 文凭硬,学制短,物有所值 英国文凭不仅广受世界认可,其课程设置也是紧凑而严谨,获取学位的时间相对也较短。在英国留学,读学士学位一般需要三年,而硕士学位需要一年,这就意味着我们可以更早参加工作、收回投资,这也从另一方面降低了我们留学的费用。 五、 合法打工,减轻经济负担 英国法律规定,无须申请工作许可证,留学生在读期间可以每周打工20个小时以内,假期可任意打工,而陪读的配偶或父母,则可以无限制地打工。另外,法律规定的最低工资是:6英磅/小时,打工所得可以支付大部分生活费用。 六、 生活环境自然舒适,社会制度稳定 英国拥有秀丽的自然风光、干净的城市环境及恬静的古朴小镇,欢迎着来自世界上任何地方的人们。另外,英国还是一个非常安全的地方,因为世界上只有英国的警察不需要携带枪支 上街巡逻。 七、 原味迷人、现代动感的英伦文化 英国不仅是个历史悠久的国度,也是现代工业文明的发祥地。这个国家里的每一个城市和每一个村庄,都和谐地保持着现代与传统的平衡。英国还拥有令人羡慕的灿烂文化与艺术,全国有数不清的博物馆、美术馆、歌剧院以及其他的文化设施可供参观。 八、 通往欧洲各国的便利地理位置 英国位于全欧洲的枢纽,是欧洲大陆的门户,许多学生在假期时,可乘渡轮、火车或飞机等各种交通工具访问周围邻国城市,例如巴黎、罗马和马德里等。 九、 正统的英语发源地 英国是英语的发源地,在英国学习,除了在自己的专业上能学到世界上最先进的知识外,也能在纯正的英语世界中,利用不同的机会练习英语,让我们熟练地使用所学到的知识。 十、 其他意想不到的多项优惠 例如: 1.30岁以上的学生,享有22%的退税; 2.学生租的房子租金免税; 3.长途汽车、火车、飞机和购物方面可达50%的折扣率; 4.留学生可享受英国国民保健体系NHS的服务,享受免费医疗,包括牙医,因此留学生不必把医疗保险的费用加入留学预算之中; 5.如果留学生在英国学完了3年,并获得了学历的话,那么,以后在英国读第二学历,可以享受到国民待遇,也无须缴纳高额的海外学生学费。 以上为小编为大家整理的留学英国有哪些优势,希望能够帮助到大家。更多心理学essay等论文辅导,可以关注51Due英国论文代写平台。51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有论文代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 对于准备到英国留学的小伙伴来说,英国申请流程可谓是一个非常重要的信息了!掌握了申请英国的时间段,就等于在赴英的路上成功了一半!下面,就让51due英国论文代写平台来为大家普及一下申请英国留学的流程,让小伙伴们都可以做到心中有数吧!
7月至9月 这个时候,英国的大学都差不多结束了当年的录取工作,也在准备着下一年度的录取工作了。所以,早准备、早申请对于准备出国留学的小伙伴是十分有利的;另一方面,早申请也有利于留学资金的储备,所以这个阶段我们需要做的是:选择学校和专业,准备本科申请材料。 9月至次年1月 学校开始接受第二年本科课程的申请。 次年1月至3月 校方开始发放有条件录取通知书。 次年5月15日 申请人回复接受有条件录取最后期限。 次年6月30日 海外学生本科申请截止。 次年6月至8月 一般情况下,在接到录取通知后,6到8月份需要办理签证,但是在这个时间办理签证的学生一向是扎堆的,所以51due建议小伙伴们提前办理较好。 次年7月至9月20日 清理阶段,即处理不被所选学校录取以及6月30日以后递交的申请。 次年8月至9月 缴纳学费和监护费,体检、订票、换外汇并准备出国行程等。 以上为小编为大家整理的英国留学申请流程一览,希望能够帮助到大家。更多心理学essay等论文辅导,可以关注51Due英国论文代写平台。51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有论文代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 对于在英国留学的中国学子来说,写作论文是非常常见的一件事情,而在论文的种类里,有这么一种称为Research Paper的研究论文,是大部分小伙伴都不擅长于写作的。写好Research Paper论文对于留学生在英国的留学生活来说是非常重要的,下面大家就跟着51due英国论文代写平台一起来学习一下Research Paper论文的写作方法吧!
一、了解我们的作业 假如我们要写一篇关于越南战争历史观点的论文,但却把作业理解成了写关于任何战争观点的论文,最后我们就决定写二战的历史回顾,那么,小伙伴们觉得后面会发生什么呢? 51due可以很认真地告诉小伙伴们:结果是你的论文会不及格! 写论文的第一步是仔细阅读我们的作业,了解作业的要求,包括对论文主题的要求。我们需要明确知道自己要写的是哪种类型的论文,例如是写一篇对比的文章,或是一篇说明文,亦或议论文。这是为什么呢?因为如果我们没理解自己的作业,没有按照作业的要求来写作,文章就没有切入主题。所以,我们一定要确保仔细阅读了作业的要求,这也是导师为什么会把要求和详细指南给我们的原因。 二、找到主题 一旦知道了自己要写哪种类型的论文,我们就要开始找一个论文的主题。 但是说得容易做起来却难。也许写一篇关于流产或是大麻合法化的文章比较有吸引力,但我们要拒绝这种吸引力!我们应该去寻找更加有趣、原创的话题,去寻找那些人们愿意去读的话题(但更重要的是要寻找符合我们作业要求的话题)。 三、构建论点(thesis) 知道我们要写什么内容很重要,但同时,知道自己的论文想表达什么同样也很重要。如果小伙伴们不想在后面的写作中有太多的迷茫、无助和沮丧,那么请务必在开展Research Paper研究论文工作之前确定一个论点,原因在这里:论点是我们论文的中心思想,它向我们的读者表明了我们论文的研究方向,而一旦缺少了主题,我们的论文就失去了方向。 四、找一些可信度高的资源 通常,我们不会在一个铺满灰尘的床上或是在我们吃了一半的糖果下发现资源,而很多情况下,我们也并不能只通过谷歌搜索发现资源。谷歌是个很有用的搜索引擎,能够搜索到一些基本的资源,但是在谷歌上进行广泛的网络搜索,结果只会是我们将得到很多没用的结果。 那么,我们又应该在哪里找到可信的资源呢? 当我们需要写一篇Research Paper研究论文时,要找一些学术性的资源,可以通过学校图书馆的网站去寻找。不用担心,我们仍然可以看Game of Thrones marathon,只需要登录我们学校图书馆的网站,然后坐在沙发上进行研究即可。 五、评估资源 我们的第一反应或许是将我们找到的第一手资源引用在我们的论文里,这很容易,但并不是最好的方式。当我们找到资源的时候,我们需要去评估他们是否可信,以及是否适合我们的论文。就像和网友约会一样,小伙伴们能确定一定会和单身搜索列表顶端的那个人约会吗?当然不会,我们通常会想看看这个人到底长什么样子,所以会读这个人的资料并且去了解一些他或她的个性,年龄和兴趣,这就是我们在评判这个人是否适合自己的表现。搜索资源时也是一样,我们需要去评估它们,看它们是否适合我们的论文。这在我们使用网络资源时尤为重要。 51due建议大家可以看看他们是否通过了CRAAP test,以此来评估资源是否可信(这并不意味着它们就是蹩脚的资源)。 CRAAP 代表Currency、Relevance、Authority、Accuracy、Purpose,具体代表的意思如下: Currency:文章什么时候写的或最后更新的时间是什么时候?我们的论文需要最新的相关信息。 如果我们的论文是关于新的电脑科技,而用的却是1990年的文章,可以设想,1990年最热门的台式电脑再不是惊人的新科技了! Relevance:文章内容详细,特别吗? 信息符合我们的要求吗? 如果我们在研究回收的重要性时,又发现了3段文章在讨论附近社区的一种新型回收项目,但是有可能信息不够详细,不够特别,或是和我们的论点毫无关系。 Authority:是谁写的这篇文章或网站?作者可信吗?作者有什么资质? 假设我们发现了一篇关于孩子是否应该接种疫苗的文章,而文章是去年写的,有几页长,到目前为止一切都很好。但是当我们调查作者的时候,发现这是一个高中生写的文章,而这个高中生可能是个很有智慧的17岁学生,但在我们的大学论文里引用一个高中生的文章并不是个好主意。 Accuracy:信息是正确的、可信的、准确的吗?我们能证明这个内容吗? 如果我们引用的是不可信的资源,那么我们的文章也将不可信。要避免引用不是专家学者写的和不可信的文章,要去除像维基百科的一些不准确信息(例如,在2008年,维基百科曾报道Miley Cyrus已经死亡)。如果我们在另一个资源中无法证明信息,也不能证明作者的信誉,那么我们的论文最好不要使用这些资源。 Purpose:信息有偏见吗?为什么要写这篇文章?这个网站的目的是什么? 这一步需要我们仔细思考:如果一个网站上卖的是一种新型的功能饮料,那么这并不意味着这种饮料有任何潜在的副作用;如果一个网站宣传对动物的道德,这并不是要说服我们去同情动物,或是在任何情况下都不能伤害他们。像这样的网站,一般不会有比较平衡的观点,因为他们只是在展示出他们知道的信息而已。就像网络约会一样,没人会把他们不好的习惯展示在他们的介绍中,他们只会展示那些让他们看起来优秀的信息。 六、做笔记 现在我们手上有些可信的资源,然后呢?这时我们又会意识到自己论文的重要性,因为我们已经有了论文主题,那么接下来可以读一下资源并理解资源,再理解我们所寻找的东西了。 想要花时间仔细去读那些对我们论文比较好的信息,就要为一切重要的信息做上笔记。在论文里或许我们用不到,但是没关系,因为我们不需要利用一切所找到的信息。 下面是一些记笔记的小技巧: 1.选择有趣的或独特的信息; 2.找寻能支撑我们论文的具体事实、数据或轶事; 3.尽量缩短我们的笔记,进行释义或凝聚我们的想法; 4.组织并标记我们的信息。 虽然说,记笔记和组织信息是说得容易做起来难,但是请相信51due,记笔记并不难,尽管看起来比较费时,但最后会帮我们省下很多时间。如果大家有记笔记或整理信息方面的需要,也可以试试下面的方法: 1.笔记卡:用标准的3*5卡片来记录和组织每一个资源的信息,比如引用输入和总结,或是对资源的评价。 2.注释书目:用一个注释书目,通过适当的MLA或APA格式来记录每一个资源。标注每一个资源,写一个总结或是对这个资源的评价(这也会起到帮助我们评估资源的作用)。 七、大纲 基于现在我们手头上有很多有用的资源,而且也做了笔记,那么现在我们要做的便是写大纲了。 大纲是需要提前写的,它会帮助我们组织观点。大家可以想想那些笔记中的关键引用、段落、数据和轶事,目的是为我们的论文创造一个关键点或论点以支撑论点。当然,我们也可以写一个传统上的大纲,或是仅用一些词语来保持文章结构。 关键在于选择一个适合自己的方法:不要担心所谓的大纲格式。除非导师有要求,否则我们不一定要写一个传统上的大纲。只要有一种方法适合你我们,且和传统上的大纲一样包含同样的信息,那就可以了。 八、写草稿 现在我们已经为论文付出了很多努力,那么写草稿就是很容易的事情了。 论文本质上只是一个有5个段落的有更深入观点的文章,因为大纲已经写好了,所以我们现在要做的就是把信息填补进去,并进行写作。记住,我们是在写论文的草稿,而不是最终稿。这意味着我们不能在论文快到期限的前几个小时才开始写,也意味着我们不用太担心会犯错,也不用担心从头开始写到结尾。 九、修改与编辑 当我们完成第一次草稿后,可以先把论文放在一边一两天,因为专注论文写作几个小时直到结束会让我们倍受煎熬的。很多时候我们认为自己得到了很优秀的“A”,但实际上我们却犯了很多错,自己所认为的“A”到最后可能只得到了“C”。 51due建议,当一天两天过去后,重新读读我们的论文,并尝试修改(和编辑不同)。修改意味着我们要改变内容,并加进更多的信息,删减一些不符合我们文章的章节,改变某些章节的顺序以及修改词语等。 最后,则是编辑我们的论文。编辑意味着我们要检查拼写、语法和标点符号,所以我们要确保在修改之后才进行编辑。如果我们在修改之前编辑,那么我们将会花20分钟去完善句子,最后甚至发现这些根本不适合我们的论文,或者没法支撑我们的观点(也就是我们在浪费时间)。 另外需要记住的一点是:不要忘记格式。作为编辑过程的一部分,我们千万不能忘记确保自己的论文格式是正确的。 以上为小编为大家整理的Research Paper写作指导,希望能够帮助到大家。更多心理学essay等论文辅导,可以关注51Due英国论文代写平台。51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有论文代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 哲学论文代写精选:“浅析德里达的解构主义思想”,这篇论文主要介绍了德里达的生平以及他的解构主义思想,并对德里达的解构主义思想进行了一番分析与探讨。本哲学论文代写由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
哲学论文代写精选: Reading of the material first produced by Derrida is hard, it seems that it is intended to be difficult, to make us feel inadequate and for the philosopher and his translators to seem clever than us,in an attempt to make us accept but not question the theory and his genius. What is more, when asked what deconstruction is, Derrida replied “I have no simple and formalized response to this question. All my essays are attempts to have it out with this formidable question”. As I have come to understand it, based on linguistics, deconstruction is a strategy, a way of reading texts to get to the bottom of them. It is said that writing corrupts first hand wisdom from speech and hence is a poor substitute, that the true origin from the writer cannot be portrayed correctly when ideas can be formed out of context in reinterpretation, to take the text and deconstruct it by drawing out conflicting logics shows that text never really means what it says or says what it means. “Deconstruction is not a dismantling of the structure of a text but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself.”J.Hillis Miller. What makes the theory become all the more confusing is it seems that philosophers enjoy using architecture as a metaphor, and that these metaphors do not often directly translate to the architectural movement. “Something has been constructed, a philosophical system, a tradition, a culture, and along comes a de-constructor (who) destroys it stone by stone, analyses the structure and dissolves it.. One looks at a system and examines how it was built, which keystone, which angle... supports the building; one shifts them and thereby frees oneself from the authority of the system” Derrida. So this architecture is based on the assumption that architecture is a language, (it can be read and seen to portray a culture, history, story and meaning -so why not?) and that this language is amendable to the methods of linguistic philosophy, yet Derrida has insisted that despite appearances on the contrary deconstruction is not an architectural metaphor.Indeed deconstruction is not any type of metaphor and what is more, that deconstructive architectural thought is impossible, that truly deconstructing architecture would make it uninhabitable and no longer architecture. Nevertheless he collaborated with Peter Eisenman on a competition entry for the Parc de Vilette in 1982 which is noted as a largely important event in the Deconstructivist movement. It is purely irritating. In attempting to make his work untouchable, his ideas high on a pedestal, he has alienated the very people who are most influenced by his theories. The Americans on the other hand never noted Derrida as an influence on their Deconstructivism movement, although there undeniably is some reference. In 1988 an exhibition entitled ‘Deconstructive Architecture’ at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, was launched.Its exhibited architects included Peter Eisenman (with whom Derrida had previously worked), Frank Ghery, Zaha Hadid, Coop Himmalblau, Rem Koolhaus, Daniel Libbeskind and Bernard Tschumi.Mark Wigley wrote the accompanying essay in which he described Deconstructivism as ‘disruption, dislocation, deflection, deviation and distortion.’He denies connection with the French philosopher and states “As Derrida deconstructs language from within; architecture too should be deconstructed from within itself.” And that “attempts to relate architecture, even this architecture, with esoteric philosophies seemed not only misleading but misguided.” Undeniably the theory is similar to the linguistic philosophy as architecture is ‘laid on the couch’ and interrogated by alternating gentle coaxing with violent torture, to bring the impurities to the surface,it’s confrontational stance on the post-modernist acceptance of architectural history (the origin) and its want to disjoin and dissemble this foundation from within itself. How else does Deconstructivism relate to the architectural movements before it? It is said that Deconstructivism is a reaction against Post-Modernism.Post-Modernism is a return to embrace, often ironically, historical references. Deconstructivists believe that architecture can no longer be policed by that history, it must be housed and maintained, but it can no longer provide explanation for the architecture itself. Wigley believes that Deconstructivism is homage to Russian Constructivism and indeed it is similar in the way they both are concerned with the simplicity of geometric forms as the important artistic content.They both interrogate modern movement forms and hence ‘discover’ form, although the Constructivist (and Modernist) tendency towards purism is not present in Deconstructivism where form is often deformed when the structure is deconstructed. The modernists too had rules on the ‘purity of form’ as well as other constricting notions like ‘form follows function’ and ‘truth to materials’ which the movement reacted against.There could also be said to have a link with cubism where forms are ‘chopped up’ and viewed from different viewpoints simultaneously, but this is seen in the final aesthetic rather than the underlying theory. Applying these theories, whether based on the European or American schools of thought leads to an architecture characterised by fragmentation of non-rectilinear shapes distorted to produce an unpredictability and controlled chaos. These distortions are performed within the forms their selves to produce forms out of the structures of which they are composed. They can be said to be disturbed from within. The movement was not meant to be simply the fragmentation or taking apart of the structures but a manipulation of the very essence of what makes it what it is, although now there is a sense that the philosophical theories used to influence the movement have been lost and that we are left with the simple aesthetic. Is this however a blessing in disguise? Should an architecture that rejects the past and has nothing to replace it with, presented in such an obvious and aggressive way be taken so seriously? After all, an architecture that rejects meaning is just a shelter, a house not a home, and has very little human quality. The Scottish Parliament Building In 1707 the act of union was passed, creating a political union between Scotland and England. Their individual parliaments merged to form the parliament of Great Britain, housed in the Palace of Westminster in London. As a result, Scotland was directly governed from London without legislature or a parliament building of their own. In the 1970’s the pressure grew for an independent parliament with the rise of the Scottish Nationalist party. In September 1997 a referendum of the Scottish electorate approved the establishment of a directly- elected Scottish parliament to legislate on most domestic affairs.Secretary of state for Scotland, Donald Dewar, decided that a new purpose built facility should be constructed to house the new Scottish parliament as the current facilities were deemed to be too small. Three original sites were chosen, and it wasn’t until later after the official closing date that Holyrood was entered into the running (as it became available from its previous owners the Scottish and Newcastle Brewery). It’s competitor at the New Parliament Building or Royal High School on Carlton hill was a popular choice due to its monumental location, but instead of being placed at the top of the hill, the chosen site at Holyrood was placed at the bottom of the hill. It was believed that this was to bring the parliament down to the people. Miralles later suggested a silver lining for the site location, saying that its location was where you ‘left Edinburgh and entered Scotland’. It also locks intimately with the surrounding old town and its citizens and offers a patriotic view of the land the MSP’s serve although a negative point about this site is that it puts a modern building alongside medieval ones. After the site was chosen an international design competition was held to find an architect. Dewar promised that the building would present nothing less than “an image of Scotland’s new position within the United Kingdom as we move into the 21st century”. Submissions were received from architects such as Richard Meier and Michael Milford who proposed monumental symbols of national identity. It is told that Enric Miralles thrust some twigs and leaves onto the table and proclaimed “That is the Scottish Parliament”. Miralles did not provide a design proposal but a design concept, a dialogue,which expressed a wish not to make the parliament a status of power, but to tie it in with the landscape, and hence with the Scottish people. Miralles was unanimously chosen. Critics stated that the Scottish parliament should have been designed by a Scottish architect, and saw the appointment of Enric Miralles as a great disappointment. Monumental Neo-Classical structures were generally believed to be the best suited to a parliament, but the original Neo-Classical model, the democratic political buildings in the 19th century, were confused. The new emerging democratic architecture had few precedents to draw from, in the USA they chose the Classical model to demonstrate democracy for free males (slaves and women were excluded) this resulted in an architecture similar to those from Ancient Rome and Greece; these were ruled by emperors whom by today’s standard are dictators with a wide rule. Why would democracy choose this type of architecture? Well firstly, there was little else to choose from, as democracy was a new concept, and secondly, they wanted to show their superiority to other states and countries and impress those citizens whose money they extracted. After all, a strong, organised architecture which learns from the past presents a confidence that those people inside who are running the country will have similar qualities. But what is democracy? Surely it is a political form that gives access to all citizens (or those represented by the citizens) equally. It is where the people rule. Therefore, is this lean towards Neo-Classicism really representative of a democratic society? It is an architecture that wishes to dwarf people who enter it, made of some of the coldest looking materials accessible to man. It is a symbol of power that is so much grander than any single citizen could wish to come anywhere close to so that the individual does not feel equal. 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