哲学论文代写精选:“归纳问题的理性回应”,这篇论文主要介绍了归纳的定义、归纳问题的类型,以及归纳问题的方法。文章指出,归纳问题的理性回应是语用理性,所以我们不应该拒绝从归纳法中得来的结论,因为有时候最好的解释便是超于常人的感应。本哲学论文代写由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
哲学论文代写精选: INTRODUCTION There are three main types of scientific reasoning: Deduction, Original Induction, and inference to the best explanation (“superinduction”). In this paper, I will argue that the rational response to the problem of induction is pragmatic rationality. We should not reject the conclusion draw from Induction methods immediately, because sometimes the best explanation and only method in scientific reasoning to explain the world is superinduction. Firstly, I will discuss what the problem of induction is, in different perspective. Secondly, I will support my claim by examples and theories. And then I will give explanations to contradict any counter arguments, and reach to a final conclusion. What is Induction? To understand what the problem of induction is, we first need to understand what Induction is. Original Induction means that we draw the conclusion from things we have experienced or examples we have seen. In other words, from given premises, we reach to a conclusion of object. This method certainly has its veracity. People always use their past experience as a standard to judge similar situations. Use an example from the notes, every blood test prove one is type O, then we can inducted that the next blood result will also be Type O. And this assumption is absolutely legitimate. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION Every premise in Induction is a single aspect, and the conclusion is ampliated to a much bigger range including all the given premises and non-given premises. This means that sometimes not all premises have been discovered and included into consideration, there might be a possibility that we have missing some critical premises which will make the conclusion false. CONCLUSION The problem of induction have been a myth for a long time, many scientists proposed ways to solve it, but all failed. Perhaps there really is no way to solve the problem. However, we could use inference to the best explanation to get the most suitable explanation for the current time. As science has been, is and will always be improving, new explanations will be proposed and old theories will be waived. For any StudentPapers.htmlnew hypothesis, it should at least be examined by Giere’s six steps program first to see if it is valid. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C
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哲学论文代写精选:“浅析德里达的解构主义思想”,这篇论文主要介绍了德里达的生平以及他的解构主义思想,并对德里达的解构主义思想进行了一番分析与探讨。本哲学论文代写由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
哲学论文代写精选: Reading of the material first produced by Derrida is hard, it seems that it is intended to be difficult, to make us feel inadequate and for the philosopher and his translators to seem clever than us,in an attempt to make us accept but not question the theory and his genius. What is more, when asked what deconstruction is, Derrida replied “I have no simple and formalized response to this question. All my essays are attempts to have it out with this formidable question”. As I have come to understand it, based on linguistics, deconstruction is a strategy, a way of reading texts to get to the bottom of them. It is said that writing corrupts first hand wisdom from speech and hence is a poor substitute, that the true origin from the writer cannot be portrayed correctly when ideas can be formed out of context in reinterpretation, to take the text and deconstruct it by drawing out conflicting logics shows that text never really means what it says or says what it means. “Deconstruction is not a dismantling of the structure of a text but a demonstration that it has already dismantled itself.”J.Hillis Miller. What makes the theory become all the more confusing is it seems that philosophers enjoy using architecture as a metaphor, and that these metaphors do not often directly translate to the architectural movement. “Something has been constructed, a philosophical system, a tradition, a culture, and along comes a de-constructor (who) destroys it stone by stone, analyses the structure and dissolves it.. One looks at a system and examines how it was built, which keystone, which angle... supports the building; one shifts them and thereby frees oneself from the authority of the system” Derrida. So this architecture is based on the assumption that architecture is a language, (it can be read and seen to portray a culture, history, story and meaning -so why not?) and that this language is amendable to the methods of linguistic philosophy, yet Derrida has insisted that despite appearances on the contrary deconstruction is not an architectural metaphor.Indeed deconstruction is not any type of metaphor and what is more, that deconstructive architectural thought is impossible, that truly deconstructing architecture would make it uninhabitable and no longer architecture. Nevertheless he collaborated with Peter Eisenman on a competition entry for the Parc de Vilette in 1982 which is noted as a largely important event in the Deconstructivist movement. It is purely irritating. In attempting to make his work untouchable, his ideas high on a pedestal, he has alienated the very people who are most influenced by his theories. The Americans on the other hand never noted Derrida as an influence on their Deconstructivism movement, although there undeniably is some reference. In 1988 an exhibition entitled ‘Deconstructive Architecture’ at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, was launched.Its exhibited architects included Peter Eisenman (with whom Derrida had previously worked), Frank Ghery, Zaha Hadid, Coop Himmalblau, Rem Koolhaus, Daniel Libbeskind and Bernard Tschumi.Mark Wigley wrote the accompanying essay in which he described Deconstructivism as ‘disruption, dislocation, deflection, deviation and distortion.’He denies connection with the French philosopher and states “As Derrida deconstructs language from within; architecture too should be deconstructed from within itself.” And that “attempts to relate architecture, even this architecture, with esoteric philosophies seemed not only misleading but misguided.” Undeniably the theory is similar to the linguistic philosophy as architecture is ‘laid on the couch’ and interrogated by alternating gentle coaxing with violent torture, to bring the impurities to the surface,it’s confrontational stance on the post-modernist acceptance of architectural history (the origin) and its want to disjoin and dissemble this foundation from within itself. How else does Deconstructivism relate to the architectural movements before it? It is said that Deconstructivism is a reaction against Post-Modernism.Post-Modernism is a return to embrace, often ironically, historical references. Deconstructivists believe that architecture can no longer be policed by that history, it must be housed and maintained, but it can no longer provide explanation for the architecture itself. Wigley believes that Deconstructivism is homage to Russian Constructivism and indeed it is similar in the way they both are concerned with the simplicity of geometric forms as the important artistic content.They both interrogate modern movement forms and hence ‘discover’ form, although the Constructivist (and Modernist) tendency towards purism is not present in Deconstructivism where form is often deformed when the structure is deconstructed. The modernists too had rules on the ‘purity of form’ as well as other constricting notions like ‘form follows function’ and ‘truth to materials’ which the movement reacted against.There could also be said to have a link with cubism where forms are ‘chopped up’ and viewed from different viewpoints simultaneously, but this is seen in the final aesthetic rather than the underlying theory. Applying these theories, whether based on the European or American schools of thought leads to an architecture characterised by fragmentation of non-rectilinear shapes distorted to produce an unpredictability and controlled chaos. These distortions are performed within the forms their selves to produce forms out of the structures of which they are composed. They can be said to be disturbed from within. The movement was not meant to be simply the fragmentation or taking apart of the structures but a manipulation of the very essence of what makes it what it is, although now there is a sense that the philosophical theories used to influence the movement have been lost and that we are left with the simple aesthetic. Is this however a blessing in disguise? Should an architecture that rejects the past and has nothing to replace it with, presented in such an obvious and aggressive way be taken so seriously? After all, an architecture that rejects meaning is just a shelter, a house not a home, and has very little human quality. The Scottish Parliament Building In 1707 the act of union was passed, creating a political union between Scotland and England. Their individual parliaments merged to form the parliament of Great Britain, housed in the Palace of Westminster in London. As a result, Scotland was directly governed from London without legislature or a parliament building of their own. In the 1970’s the pressure grew for an independent parliament with the rise of the Scottish Nationalist party. In September 1997 a referendum of the Scottish electorate approved the establishment of a directly- elected Scottish parliament to legislate on most domestic affairs.Secretary of state for Scotland, Donald Dewar, decided that a new purpose built facility should be constructed to house the new Scottish parliament as the current facilities were deemed to be too small. Three original sites were chosen, and it wasn’t until later after the official closing date that Holyrood was entered into the running (as it became available from its previous owners the Scottish and Newcastle Brewery). It’s competitor at the New Parliament Building or Royal High School on Carlton hill was a popular choice due to its monumental location, but instead of being placed at the top of the hill, the chosen site at Holyrood was placed at the bottom of the hill. It was believed that this was to bring the parliament down to the people. Miralles later suggested a silver lining for the site location, saying that its location was where you ‘left Edinburgh and entered Scotland’. It also locks intimately with the surrounding old town and its citizens and offers a patriotic view of the land the MSP’s serve although a negative point about this site is that it puts a modern building alongside medieval ones. After the site was chosen an international design competition was held to find an architect. Dewar promised that the building would present nothing less than “an image of Scotland’s new position within the United Kingdom as we move into the 21st century”. Submissions were received from architects such as Richard Meier and Michael Milford who proposed monumental symbols of national identity. It is told that Enric Miralles thrust some twigs and leaves onto the table and proclaimed “That is the Scottish Parliament”. Miralles did not provide a design proposal but a design concept, a dialogue,which expressed a wish not to make the parliament a status of power, but to tie it in with the landscape, and hence with the Scottish people. Miralles was unanimously chosen. Critics stated that the Scottish parliament should have been designed by a Scottish architect, and saw the appointment of Enric Miralles as a great disappointment. Monumental Neo-Classical structures were generally believed to be the best suited to a parliament, but the original Neo-Classical model, the democratic political buildings in the 19th century, were confused. The new emerging democratic architecture had few precedents to draw from, in the USA they chose the Classical model to demonstrate democracy for free males (slaves and women were excluded) this resulted in an architecture similar to those from Ancient Rome and Greece; these were ruled by emperors whom by today’s standard are dictators with a wide rule. Why would democracy choose this type of architecture? Well firstly, there was little else to choose from, as democracy was a new concept, and secondly, they wanted to show their superiority to other states and countries and impress those citizens whose money they extracted. After all, a strong, organised architecture which learns from the past presents a confidence that those people inside who are running the country will have similar qualities. But what is democracy? Surely it is a political form that gives access to all citizens (or those represented by the citizens) equally. It is where the people rule. Therefore, is this lean towards Neo-Classicism really representative of a democratic society? It is an architecture that wishes to dwarf people who enter it, made of some of the coldest looking materials accessible to man. It is a symbol of power that is so much grander than any single citizen could wish to come anywhere close to so that the individual does not feel equal. The style is insensitive to a nation seeking a collective identity in a humane building form. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国stat代写论文精选:“避孕药使用情况分析”,这篇论文主要介绍了印度加尔各答避孕药的使用情况,文章指出,作为印度最大的城市,加尔各答约有三分之一的人口居住在贫民窟,本文试图研究的为贫民窟中避孕方法的使用模式及影响因素。本stat代写论文由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
英国stat代写论文精选: Calcutta is one of the largest metropolitan cities in India, with a population of 4.6 million, spread over an area of 1380 sq kms. About a third of the city's population, amounting to 1.5 million, live in slums。Over 40 per cent of Calcutta's slum residents have been slum dwellers for two generations or longer, and more than half originate from the Calcutta hinterland. In addition, there are also migrants from neighboring states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. About 37 percent of the slum population is engaged in economic activities, of which as many as 86 percent are marginal workers. The proportion of female workers is even lower (12 percent). An interesting finding is that the literacy level in Calcutta slums is 66 percent, while the corresponding figure for the female slum population is 60 percent. This is not markedly below the national urban average of 70 percent. Given the relatively high literacy levels, it is not surprising that researchers have generally found high contraceptive prevalence rate among slum-dwellers, with a preference for modern and irreversible methods, like sterilization (Sen, 2001; Chattopadhyay et al., 2004). The only exception is Biswas et al. (1991). The latest wave of Demographic Health Survey data (2005-06) reports that contraceptive use in Calcutta (77 percent of currently married women) is higher than in other cities surveyed. This indicates analysis of contraceptive use patterns in Calcutta slums an interesting area of study. This paper is an attempt to understand contraceptive use patterns and its determinants in Calcutta slums. We argue that given the economic vulnerability of the study group - Kundu (2003) estimates that about three quarters of the slum populationare below the pverty line while the low workforce participation levels have been noted earlier - economic considerations will be important in determining contraceptive use. In particular, in line with the microeconomic models of fertility (Becker 1977, Willis 1973), it is argued that slum-dwellers will try to limit their family (to prevent thin spreading of resources over a large family in the current period) but will try to have at least one son in order to ensure economic security in the long run. This implies that if a son is borne a typical slum couple will be more likely to adopt contraceptive than if a girl is borne. Database and Methods The paper is based on unit level Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data. This survey, undertaken in 2005-2006, is the third in a series of national surveys. In DHS-3, the initial target sample size was 8500 completed interviews with ever-married women. Applying city-level filters, the data on Calcutta's female population was extracted from the DHS-3 data set. It was found that a total of 1615 out of 2471 respondents were currently married; of them 789 resides in slum areas. The analysis is based on this sub-sample. The function estimated will take the following form: Contraceptive choice = F ( Socio-religious identity, culture, age of respondent and its square, Education of respondent and her partner, log of wealth index score, place of last delivery, number of living sons, number of living daughters, participation in economic activities) Most studies (D'Souza 2003, Kamaal 2000, 2007, Kamaal and Huda 2008, Stephenson 2004, Waiz 2000) use binary or multinomial logistic models to identify the determinants of contraceptive prevalence rates. Now, the choice variable analyzed is discrete but not binary - possible responses are not using any method, using folkloric method, using traditional method or using modern method. Given the low incidence of folkloric methods, traditional and folkloric methods can be clubbed together, so that the choice variable can assume three values (no method, traditional or folkloric, modern). In such cases a multinomial model is appropriate. Further, given that the options can be ordered ordinally in terms of reliability, the ordered logit model is appropriate (McCullagh 1980). The ordered logit model is based on the proportional odds, or parallel lines, assumption. As this assumption is strong, Brant (1990) has suggested the use of a method to test the validity of this structure. If tests indicate that the assumption of proportional odds is violated, the question arises whether the coefficients vary for all explanatory variables, or only some (Williams 2006). In this context, the Likelihood Ratio test is used to select the parsimonious model. Findings Analysis of DHS-3 data indicates that contraceptive prevalence rates in Calcutta's slums (72 percent) are higher than those in the other 8 cities covered in the survey (64 percent) and also national levels (56 percent). Only 11 percent had never used contraceptives. Analysis of the methods used indicates that the incidence of female sterilization is very high, followed by use of condoms and pills (Fig. 2). This corresponds to the preference for terminal methods observed in other Indian slums (Das and Shah 2001, Agarwal and Bharti 2006). Sen (2001) and Chattopadhyay et al. (2004), too, make a similar observation for Calcutta's slums. The reasons underlying preference for a method that allow less freedom than condoms pills, IUD, etc. in terms of birth spacing needs investigation. But what is interesting is that 60 percent of respondents who have sterilized had a boy child on their last delivery. This may be indicative of the desire to satisfy son preference while limiting family size. Analysis of the reasons for not adopting any contraceptive shows that factors like religious strictures, opposition by partner or family members are unimportant. About 63 percent of the respondents were either infecund, sub-fecund or had undergone hysterectomy. This implies that contraceptives are viewed primarily as a method for family planning, rather than protection against STD or AIDS/HIV. A further 11 percent either do not have intercourse or do so infrequently. Thus about 73 percent of the non-users do not require family planning methods. Examination of future intentions of non-users reveals that about 53 percent are planning to use contraceptives in the future. Again, it is interesting to note that 58 percent of non-users who had a boy plan to use contraceptives in the future, while 43 percent of non-users who had a girl will use contraceptives in the future. This discussion indicates a high awareness about family planning methods among slum dwellers and willingness to adopt such methods. However, we argue that while slum-dwellers realize the economic benefits of limiting family size, they are also motivated by the benefits of investing in male children as a means of assuring for the future. If our hypothesis is valid then the probability of using contraceptives will increase as number of sons and daughters increase, but the increase will be greater for additional sons. That is, if we run an econometric model, the odds ratio for boys will be greater than odds ratio for girls. Econometric Analysis As mentioned earlier, the econometric analysis is based on an ordered logit model with the respondent assumed to face three choices - no use, traditional/folkloric method and modern method. The result of the Brant test (the χ2 value, with 14 degrees of freedom, is 56.08, with a probability value < 0.00) indicates that the null hypothesis of proportional odds assumption is rejected. Allowing parameters to vary enables an examination of the variations in impact of each variable at different choice levels. This provides more sophisticated information set for policy making. Both the partial proportional odds model and the generalized ordered logit model - which may be interpreted as a set of logistic equations (Williams 2006) - are estimated, and the Likelihood Ratio (LR) test used to choose the most parsimonious (in the sense of least restrictive) model specification. The value of the LR ratio is 20.65 (with a probability value of 0.02), so that the null hypothesis (the partial proportional odds model is nested in the variable parameter model) may be accepted. This implies that the former model is not too restrictive and is appropriate in the present case. Table 1: Results of Generalized Ordered Logit of Contraceptive Use by Slum-dwellers The final model, therefore, is a generalized ordered logit where the coefficients of age, its square, the language dummy and number of living sons is allowed to vary. It can be seen that coefficients of both number of living sons and daughters are significant and have high odd ratios. Comparison of the effects of birth of a boy and girl child reveals that number of living boys has a higher odd ratio, indicating that birth of a son has a greater impact on adoption of contraceptive than birth of a girl. This is consistent with the son preference observed in developing countries (Roy et al. 2008, Jayaraman et al. 2009, Saha and Bairagi 2007) and our research hypothesis. Quite a few of the other control variables are significant. Muslims have a lower probability of using contraceptives than BCH (Iyer 2002, Bhatt and Xavier 2005, James and Nair 2005, Kulkarni and Alagarajan 2005), while UCH and All Others have the same levels of contraceptive use. Inter-state migrants from Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh are expected to be more conservative than the local population. Language (used as a proxy for their different cultures) exerts a significant effect on the decision to use a contraceptive,but not in choice of modern method. We had taken both age and its square to reflect the non-linear relation between contraceptive use and age. Both coefficients are significant in the first choice situation, but not when modern methods are considered. Increases in number of living children encourage respondents to adopt contraceptives and modern methods. Freedom of the women to go for health check-ups by herself also has a significant impact on adoption of contraceptive methods, including modern methods. Education - neither of the partner nor the respondent - does not influence contraceptive use. This is contrary to the effect of education found in other studies (Gubhaju 2010, Kamal et al. 2007, Kamal and Huda 2008). Nor is the coefficient of wealth index score significant. This may be due to the presence of multi-collinearity (all three variables are highly correlated with each other). We had also included the place of last delivery as an explanatory variable, motivated by anecdotal evidence that slum-dwellers having more than two or three children are persuaded to get sterilized if they deliver in public sector health units. However, this variable is not significant. The coefficient of participation in labor market is also not significant. This may be because of the lack of employment opportunities for women residents of Calcutta. Conclusion To sum up, analysis of contraceptive use by slum-dwellers in Calcutta reveals the other importance of culture-related factors in influencing contraceptive use. Non-Bengali migrants and Muslims are reluctant to adopt contraceptives. The Government should therefore consider targeting these communities. Given the prevailing lack of confidence in the State among migrants and, particularly, the Muslims, such efforts should involve community-based organizations, rather than impose them from outside. This will reduce the probability of controversy emerging over issues like whether contraceptives are permissible in Islam. Fertility preference, however, is still a major barrier to the adoption of contraceptives. Preference for more children, particularly boys, reduces demand for contraceptives. The birth of a an additional girl child will increase probability of using (modern) contraceptives by 50 percent; in case a boy child is borne, the effect is almost double (122 percent). This implies that patriarchal attitudes still persist within Calcutta slum population. Economic forces, too, plays an important role. Males constitute the majority of both workers and main workers in not only slum but also non-slum areas. Within the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, males comprise 84.5 percent of total workers and 85.5 percent of main workers. Therefore, the microeconomics of fertility decisions creates a son preference that has a major impact on contraceptive use. This can be tackled by reducing differential returns from having a boy and girl child. The role of employment-generation schemes like Swarna Jayanti Sahari Swarojar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Yojana, etc. is important in this context. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 心理学essay论文精选:“民族凝聚力是民族意识的重要成分”,这篇论文主要介绍了国家历史的特点以及形成过程。文章指出,国家凝聚力对一个民族的发展、进化以及独立性产生了重要的影响, 本文从社会心理学的角度对国家凝聚力进行了相关分析,并讨论了影响国家凝聚力形成和发展的因素。本心理学essay论文由51due整理,供大家参考阅览。
心理学essay论文精选: According to Stalin's discusses, national history can be especially in certain geographical areas of the form, and have the language, economic and cultural characteristics of the stability of the group. As people a type of national community, and other people community are different. National different from racial, ethnic belongs to the social historical category. It’s a group of national people living symbol, is also a group of people with the same blood relations symbol. Therefore, in social life, people will always a nation as the main body of the activity. There will be national and its member integration, and will be of the ethnic groups view of each empathy by members of the body, is the national members and subordinate the nation as a whole. However, people in different development stages its basic characteristics and connotation is the change, the concept of Stalin's about the national reflects in the national formation and development of the essential characteristics of the early. No national community common areas, and the common language, common social life and on the basis of the formation of the stability of the common psychological quality, to form and national development. Along with the social development and the evolution of the nation, a national of the basic elements also is in produce change. As the famous contemporary national experts Mr. Yang j points out: "with national development, especially in the national development and prosperity stage, to the national culture and national consciousness start great role. And in the third stage, namely the convergence and melt stage, its foundation is no longer regional and social, and mainly is the culture. To some extent, at this stage, the national community is a super regional scope, ChaoSheHui unit of the community culture in national development, maintain a leading even the decisive role". Psychological culture as an important part of national culture to cause the attention of people, as an important part of the study of psychology. In a national consciousness, the national self-esteem, national cohesion in the key position, and national cohesion is a national consciousness one of the main content. National cohesion is making the nation and its members keep in national groups within the centripetal force or force, also known as the national cohesion. National cohesion is with the national characteristics, the formation of the national culture development, national awareness of growth and to formation and strengthen. Can say, group cohesion is the key to power group, is to promote the power of the working group. National is a large groups of one of the form, we will this community called family body, so the large groups of all general principle also apply to the national family body. According to the American psychologist put ting, case (L.F estinger) to the definition which group cohesion, ethnic group cohesion should be to make the national members keep in the national group within the joint effort, or make people gathered in the ethnic group in the emotion, exactly, is a kind of the member for some people, than other people feel more close emotional. National cohesion is to make the national prosperity of the adhesives, so want to make national prosperity, we must improve the national cohesion.Overall, the culture of a nation for the national cohesion of the formation and improve plays an important role. About national cohesion of social psychology research involves the content are many, and from our national cohesion experience and the performance and the main factors of influence national cohesion two aspects of analysis. A national cohesion, the experience and performance National cohesion with its internal and external form experience form. Internal experience is a kind of psychological of internalization of from the reaction, and external performance is the identity of internalization reflect form. Identification is a national cohesion of the psychological experience Should say the first to use "identity" of the word is psychology master Freud, and in his defense mechanism theory pointed out: "identity to show individual and others, group or imitate characters in the emotional, psychological convergence process."And he put the identity as individual and others have the emotional ties earliest form. National identity is the national community members in the cognitive and evaluation to maintain consistent emotion, is a racial body consciousness, this identity often can influence each other, the effect is subtle. The same ethnic members are often common identity, while the effect of this influence is often unconsciously, even "knee-jerk" or "not conscious". At present the main use two kinds of research strategy of national identity, a sociology is the social psychology research strategy, one kind is the psychology of the social psychology research strategy. The former from sociology and cultural anthropology perspective, or national members from our national culture, language, religion and customs of the attitude, mostly using questionnaire, understand the national members this ethnic identity and cultural attitude; Or from a case study obtains, aided by the ethnography of research methods, through the material object to collect and mythology, history biography, biographies of analysis to study national identification. The latter view from psychology, based on general use of the experiment and scale method, and divided into groups and the group within the group, through the experiments were understand internal and external group member group the attitude of the group, and then discusses causality. In the national community in daily life, national identity is a kind of emotional exchange and communication needs, help the national members mutual understanding, mutual communication and. National identity in the national community development in two aspects of meaning, that is positive and negative meanings. On the positive side, ethnic identity can strengthen the connection between the national members, making the nation can mutual cooperation between individuals, help each other, can promote national cohesion, arouse national internal drive, promoting the coordinated development of this nation. Instead, national identity of negative mainly displays in some national in some aspects of the exclusive and to follow sex. Due to long-term relationship with emotional identification, when different between the national community or national between individual conflict, has formed the identity of the psychological sentiment will often showed emotional, even with emotional instead of emotion, appear in judgment and behavior of the standing on deviation, which affect the solution of the problem, or even also affect the relationship between peoples. As for it values, the ethnic traditional culture that is the core of the national identity and cultural values. Values is a social or groups of people community have in common things good and bad, distinguish between right and wrong, accord with and against the wishes of the people, to be done by the practical and ideas. Values is a cultural system foundation, a value system can be constitute a national "cultural spirit," the core. In the Chinese nation's long history of development, gradually formed the national the common values, its core is advocating patriotism, in order to safeguard the unity of the motherland, for the Chinese nation's sense of honor against external aggression...... . Such values are the whole Chinese nation identity, seepage in each nation's way of life and every member of society of behavior. At the same time, "the nation in common identity outside the values, and the national identity of the traditional concept of value, namely the accumulation of load as traditional ethnic attachment and faith." National identity is the premise of national cohesion and performance, a people strong cohesion is up in the nation's identity. The group is national cohesion of the external performance forms one of The group is actually common attributes and animals, in the higher mammals, we also can be observed in the group of animals. People can't no group of, because "alone" will make people feel safe not guaranteed. But only in the group to protect each other, to live more satisfied. For national individual character, the group we also call it belonging. From maslow's hierarchy theory of needs analysis, ownership and the need of love is one of the basic needs. 7 have the inevitable will reference to the group, and group is varied, the type of joint activity is mixed, but, for the social psychology research and practice, it is especially important that the group activity type, of which the interdependence between the participants at their maximum. You can find many production group, which is linked together for the purpose of the medium, but the nature of the event is the individual. This kind of activity from belongs to individual character, the whole community and society, this is a kind of common labor. About the labor Marx think: "people in production not only with nature. If they don't happen relationship in a certain way to combine activities and exchange their activities, and not for the production. In order to perform the production, the people then has certain communication and relationship; only in these social contact and social relations, within the scope of the will have their relationship to nature, just can have production". Form interaction people's personality, including personality traits of a factor. And about that rubenstein think: "in the long term in the association interactions each other people often in their character set up a significant brand; and in some cases the personality characteristics seems to be happening the exchange and mutual similar; due to long live together, sometimes people will share common features; in some ways become resemble each other". 9) when the communication has a lot of interdependence (such as: parents-children) and they separated from the social environment and alone, the quality of the master of character is more obvious. Study the isolation of independent group is extremely important, because many common activities are actually from usually the physical and social environment, the exploration, the sea of seafarers on board the shuttle and the personnel. Group sex, the autonomy of isolation effects because of physical conditions will worsen and strengthened. Nervous factors play a dual role: to strengthen the unity of the group or weaken. The extent of the independent groups may be done in the conflict situation in its behavior nature. If a group of autonomy is high, the conflict will "pointing to" an external object (for example, do not belong to the group of one person). In the joint activity conditions conflicts may, for example, pointing to the instrument, if the instrument for external group evaluation factors of words, community autonomy is poor performance in the conflict between members. Social isolation for people I feel role than physical isolation may be more big. Groups of autonomy may not only is the result of physical conditions, and is the result of the social psychological conditions inside and outside. For this performance a consistent group with other groups if necessity, collective interaction, sometimes will show a self-centered intent, performance to "not this group" members of the offensive. For individual character, "alone" the most vulnerable to bully others, both for the individual psychological feelings or survival, groups of belonging to anyone is quite important. General only allows individual groups to the enemy attack group out, and the community each between the molecules, is not allow these malicious offensive there. Because the relationship between each other so it caused the measured cohesion, produce the increasingly large group power or group cohesion, the group has the hostility of the character or group to dare not to infringe upon. Because of this, the human in the period, I don't eat by beasts. In the later development, and differentiation, the fusion, the composition of the tribe, tribal vary in size, nation and state. The hui nationality in China as an example, the fourth largest in China national and 10 islamic one of the ethnic minority groups of the hui nationality, has a population of 8.6 million (1990 statistical), an autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and 2 11 autonomous county and a large number of nationality township. "The hui people put yourself in mosque (Masjid) as the center of the community called 'zhe marr rapture (Jamaat),' this is Arabic, meaning, is' collective, unity, gathered, community, free translation is' 'temple fang fang hui nationality." temple is the religious community, the society is in addition to the general community characteristics outside, relied more on common of the maintenance of the religious culture. West is solid for areas, a specific individual members of the hui nationality always belongs to a specific temple fang (Jamaat), the specific temple or mosque relegated to a lane islamic sect; In addition, the hui of individual at the higher level identification with hui "of historical materialism and Islam 'firm m'.The hui nationality in the individual members of the real life, 'firm m "and" hui "concept is certain, but also be more abstract psychological ownership,' sectarian 'and' temple fang 'is concrete and vivid. " Second, influence on the main factors of national cohesion For a nation is concerned, influence factors of national cohesion is varied. With national development historical reasons, have natural geographical environment factors, and religious belief and other reasons. Here we influence of national cohesion of the main factors on analysis. The natural ecological environment as the national cohesion offer mental physical fields Natural ecological environment is the survival of the nation "soil", is also a national cohesion to the formation and development of psychological physical fields. By extension psychologist lewin in physics from the concept of reference for reference field of mental life, it is the concept of the field with physics there is a relationship. Lewin on the definition of the concept of games when Einstein had quoted about the definition of a: "field is the fact that the whole depend on each other." Lewin thought that man's psychological activity is in psychological field has occurred. "Psychological environment is to point to be we realize our psychological and incident actually occurred influence environment."Natural ecological environment quality and ethnic and the response of the quality of these conditions, not only decided to national way of living, and affect the national open up the courage of survival road confidence, the influence of the external environment fight the formation of character. Natural ecological environment on the influence of the national spirit in ancient society under the condition of the underdeveloped productivity has great effect, and the modern society is for the development of science and technology, raise the level of productivity, changes in the structure of social production and other reasons, the influence of it has been weakened. Natural ecological environment of each national national consciousness, national groups the effect of the personality problems have long been a western scholars' attention. Early in the eighteenth century, enlightenment thinkers will consciously seek different species, human form national groups the cause of the personality. The enlightenment of the theory of evolution in early, botany, zoology from study of enlightened: different terrain, climate, soil, plants to different growth form, function, characteristics. It can be concluded, natural ecological environment of national cohesion is the formation and development of psychological physical fields. Natural ecological environment on the influence of the national consciousness is very obvious. Hegel's points out: "help into the spirit of the nation, the kind of natural produce contact is the foundation of the geography, natural connection... seems to be a external things, but we have to see it as a 'spirit' performance to the site, it also is a kind of major, and the necessary foundation.""what we notice, and not to have the people of the land occupied as a kind of outside of the land, but to know the place of natural type and grow in this land and the type of people's character are closely linked." Marx, Engels pointed out: natural conditions "not only restricts the people first, naturally produced in the body tissues, especially the difference between their race, and until now still restrict the organization's whole body further developed or not developed". In Hegel, Marx's "people and the environment opposition integrity", particular attention is, they are very prominent the main initiative and conquer, transform natural struggle spirit, also is the human fight for survival and the display struggle spirit. In Stalin's definition of national, "common regional" as a measure of the core factors of a national, regional or national visible to survive the natural ecological environment in national formation and development of the indispensable role and psychological function material. Can think, natural ecological environment is the material basis of national survival and environment foundation, is the national cohesion forming and development of the psychological physical fields. The national community consistency is the point of national cohesion in The national community cohesion, not only based on mutual trust and mutual members of equality, mutual sincere help, also based on ethnic members of Shared experience. Among the members of Shared experience will make the national members together on the same thing the profound comprehension of the produce and experience. Members of the common knowledge and experience between still can make the danger of TongShengSi members produce emotion. All this will eventually make the national members form of demand and motivation affinity with each other. This demand and motive is to make the national members help each other, closely connected with the inner motivation is to strengthen the nation group cohesion psychological motivation. By psychologists lewin extension of his life space concept used in group psychology, think "as individual and his behavior form 'psychological field', groups and its environment is to develop social games. Social behavior had been as occur in the existing social entities, also was seen as from the existing social entities, for example, members of the group, the obstacle and channel, information. Therefore, group decision within a particular time in the behavior of the entire field of the existing situation". The characteristics of ethnic groups and decided to national individuals, the characteristics of the individual and the group maintenance and constraints. Individual role in groups, group restricts the individual. Both interaction, mutual influence, and both have formed a has the characteristics of the whole nation power structure. This can be used to explain many national safeguard the national language, apparel, customs mentality, except for a national unique aesthetic view and the reasons of the emotion to achieve national groups consistent, safeguard national cohesion is one reason. Many national gathering like sports competition, traditional cultural activities and other beliefs rally, etc, no doubt, is to realize national identity, increase the national cohesion of some of the important and effective pattern of activity. Such as: the Mongolian festival, dai's water-sprinkling festival, etc. The national community and society and other ethnic groups in the interactive development, must want to achieve certain goals, the competition is a must. But members of the competition between each other must be equal, from the point of view of the group and must be cooperation, the development of the nation is by the two factors of interaction, and the constant competition and cooperation is to promote the coordinated development of national the inner power of one. From this we think, nation in some degree of consistency, such as in the national common interests, religion, national language, culture, national tradition, and custom is national cohesion of the breed of soil. National development history of temper is national agglomerate strengthen content For a nation is concerned, after thousands of years, the development history of experienced countless the ups and downs, and a nation in the history of the development of brilliant with pride, and also in adversity experienced defeat and failure. The national members of these common experience makes the national community have the honor of the larger centripetal force, at the same time, along with the honor or disgrace and identify strongly feelings. In a sense, the existence of the enemy opponent and external, often also is maintaining the national community cohesion one of elements. When people face the difference between life and death, the national community all the internal contradictions will be reduced to a secondary position, this has been for the domestic and foreign many facts have proved. Meanwhile, a nation in the country or the world affairs, the greater the role of, the prestige, the bigger the national cohesion is bigger also. The prestige of the nation is to improve the national image and national self-esteem and the prerequisite of conditions, it directly and national members of the centripetal force linked. In addition, national development in the history of China, along with the national psychology to temper, between the national members also interact with each other. Such as; Information communication can strengthen the national members of affinity between emotions and thoughts of mutual understanding, and the consistency of the national members. Especially the communication of the up and down, can make the trust from members, sense of self-esteem, thus removing misunderstanding and suspicion, enhance the affinity. Many people in our country in the mood of the rally feelings, such as the Uighur, Tibetan, Mongolian, owenk ethnic groups often hold greatly small all kinds of spontaneous national song and dance rallies, which not only for the national members of the communication between information provided the opportunity, and enhance the whole nation's cohesive force. Common belief of national cohesion of curing effect For a nation in community, common belief in the certain degree in a cured the role of national cohesion. Have a common belief, to a common purpose and a collaboration between the incentive. The common belief in the form of external within and of national cohesion of the formation and development plays curing effect. In the belief system, religious faith is a le pen numerous belief system and social consciousness. In real life, religious awareness to a transcendence, beyond the "gods" belief form, reflects different beliefs of the national natural, social and for their own and their understanding of the relationship. Through the ages of the many philosophers, anthropologists, religious historians, even theologians, and are very attention and tried to explore the complex social phenomenon, and since the ancient times widespread group or individual religious beliefs psychological phenomenon. For psychologists for, their concern and about the specific social conditions, all kinds of different religious beliefs of each religious people, participate in religious activities and in religious life, felt religious experience and religious feelings. Every religious belief, in addition to accept some religious teachings and outside, often or more or less, together with a religious experience, and religious feelings and religious will religious beliefs psychological state. This kind of psychological state to accept or strengthening religious belief has a great effect. For some believers speaking, religious feelings of infection, may be over sermons or chanting we instill religious creed effect. And those who only your mind believe religious dogma, but lack emotional religious fervor person, can not be religious believers. Instead, some people, they don't necessarily believe that the personal god, just out of the traditional culture atmosphere or strong religious emotions of infection, they will also becomes natural willing to attend to some religious activities. Often hear people say, see the solemn and quiet church, hear a vigorous sacred music. I couldn't help but will step into the resplendent and magnificent holy shrine. Have been to church people even if not puritans often felt in the church to hear chanting or listen to the choir singing the mind has a purified feeling. Some in adversity, total despair and the helpless, produce a kind of religious need to pray. China's hui islamic, its religious teachings and form will hui tightly held together. China's yunnan is a multi-ethnic areas, hui form "big, small scattered in" the distribution pattern, compared with the national and has its particularity, namely except in the hinterland and community and the han nationality, bai, to get along with outside, still in the border and the Chinese mainland and other minorities mountains and mixed in. But for more than 700 years, yunnan hui always keeps our national cultural characteristics, even if in the han and other ethnic culture also has not been battalion of assimilation is, this is the role of Islam, whether in the mainland in frontier regions or SanJuOu are so; They are accustomed to in the hui people internal tenacious religious and national awareness of education, the mosque in the education and common as the center of the great things about people place, the hui internal natural form including steward, such as the XiangLao imam, in near theocracy folk management system, to management and guide the all affairs within the nation, in order to resist the penetration of the outside pressure. So long as there is the hui nationality population living place, no matter how much the number, total want to leave no stone unturned build mosques; Even if is unable to built, also want to HuiZuOu donations from financing, and all around the hui nationality will try to help opens, and which as his responsibility and obligation, this is national cohesion. Islam in religious belief, of the hui nationality ideology and social system, the way of life, and the customs and habits, interpersonal relationships and psychological quality in the kernel, has the decisive influence, mosque become the key national development and nature of the significant signs. In a survey of turpan YiDingHu township, the researchers found that since reform and opening-up, the religious beliefs of the Uighur and get active, religious influence over people increase greatly than before. Most adults were to mosque in church, many people still strictly abide by the provisions of fast, church in fact has become the symbol of the villagers cohesion. Visible, religious custom is religious culture function in people life custom of extensions, it embodies the religious holy and solemn, and its once evolution for the ethnic life custom, become the important features of the national life. Hui and islamic inseparable connection, already is not about facts, history has proved Islam is an important link of the hui nationality to maintain. From it we can also see the religious beliefs of national cohesion of curing effect is obvious. Can say, in some degree, a common belief that each nation because of the common faith, and efforts to achieve gathered and common goals. At the same time, as the religious belief system that the religious beliefs because the great absorption ability and together. This shows common beliefs, especially the religious beliefs of national cohesion of curing effect. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导哲学论文代写、research paper代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、stat代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有心理学essay代写需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国代写语言学论文精选:“浅谈影响管理者的不确定性因素”,这篇论文主要讲述了不确定性因素对于组织日常运营与执行管理所产生的重大影响。文章指出,竞争环境的复杂特点,指引着企业管理者积极去发挥自身的能力,以保持适当的环境与组织之间的一致性。
Introduction Uncertain factors have a substantially impact on the organizational day-to-day operations and executive management to making business decisions. Hence, the complex features of competitive environmental context require business owners should exert their abilities to maintain the appropriate consistency between environment and organization.The core perception has been a central notion in many investigated initiatives that emphasis on the characteristics of integration between a firm and its surroundings. (Smircich & Stubbard, 1985) Resulted by business circumstance is dynamism and complexity, the manners of uncertainty, therefore, will continue to be the main task of management involving the development of mechanisms to reduce, absorb, counter, or avoid it completely (Jauch & Kraft, 1986). The external environmental context has a significant effect on decision making and innovation. A faultfinding side of environmental features contributed to innovation is environmental uncertainty. (Weber &Virginia, 2010) Environmental uncertainty are cut by environmental complexity and environmental variability. circumstance complex allude to the multifariousness and interdependence of environmental factors that corporation have to contended. For business organization, a decision making and enterprise’s annual performance are frequently followed by external business factors and internal driving forces. The well-known general external surroundings of an entity dividend by dimensions as political impacts, economic contexts, social-culture conditions, technological factors, and geographic reasons etc. (Chenhall & Morris, 1986) On the other side, the internal forces consists of the organizational culture, board of executive management, human resources, physical environment, and spirituality. (Achrol & Stern, 1988) Another aspect to consider approaches to enlarge and prosper the organization that requires manager’s abilities about forecasting, recognizing and settling the deviated situations in both internal and external circumstance are able to flexible applied in daily management. Accordingly, managers must have better comprehensions and highly passions to engage in a process for evaluating and reacting challenges. This essay concludes some unrepresentative factors which are higher possible to considerably affect organizational distributed arrangements and management decisions. Also, the suggestions for lessening negative influences towards to factors of uncertainty are provided for sake of providing efficiency conducting to organizations. External Factors Influence Managers and Organizations As for external environment, Dess and Beard (1984) have stated the dynamism, heterogeneity, and hostility were three characteristics in it. Another theory considered environmental uncertainty to be the result of changes in market composition and in technology. (Burns & Stalker, 1961) Actually, the external factors of business environment are comprised by uncontrollable forces surroundings of the organization. (Huber et al., 2004) These forces destroy or encourage business in an unintended direction because individual lacks of abilities control against them, but corporation can react and suit to these elements and transformed original threaten towards controllable capabilities so make the organization favor in the external environment. External factors refers to the amounts of substitute or competitive product of marketers in one industry, their weakness or strength, product or sale, research and development are all feasible to cause changes. As a business manager might not have direct influence on them, but it’s important that manager supervising for market activities, and then process appropriate strategies through organization controllable variables. Factor of governmental policies is foreseeable approaches to adjust market activities. Through legislation or other compulsory laws to affect business operations. Organization may be restriction by the relevant policy to do their original business, otherwise, governor income and social welfare adjusted by economic policy also brings unforeseen influences. For the physical environment, it is formed by the available or lacks of nature resources that can fluctuate the production output or input. The cost of business, production cycle, and export quantities for goods are closely followed whether original materials are enough. Managers, obviously, are ought to star at their production materials and price fluctuation to avoid higher cost or shortage for resources. Additional, social and cultural forces are usually decided by consumers preference or their consumption habit. It is relevant with the organizational structure, leadership styles, personal dynamics. Many of social reasons accompany a long way to decide people’s purchasing favorably. After begin a investment or create a new market, it requires managers that make fully understand about their aimed population and market context for seizing their favorites styles, acceptable price ranges and special resident habit. The demographic forces is highly likely about people. For instance, the people in different social position selects how much is acceptable price is various. The elements of age, sex, marital status, occupation, family size etc should be considered wholly before organizations enter a market. Managers should have a sensitive recognition to rapidly position their production position. Though, demography is uncontrollable as people are less ability to control human’s sex, age, marital status in external environment, however, it is not possible to investigate the interventionism market. Finally, technological changes is full of opportunities and challenges due to it post higher possible to attract new consumers from new kinds of products. For instance, a broken news reported by Keizer (2014), iPhone 6 has launched in a few days that iPhone 6 sets sales record with four millions at the first day. But in last decade, who can imagine today’s function of mobile phone? It seems to illustrate that the new technology have changed products towards a more proficient, intellectual and automated trending. Managers cannot stop the advancement of technology, but make right direction for research and development that make organization not only frighten to new challenge but also a boosting opportunities. Internal Forces Influence Managers and Organizations The internal forces closely linked with human resource in business activities, and the manners in allocating work are mostly based on corporate missions of work processes.(Isaac, n.d.) Moreover, Drucker (1954) indicated that the task environment dividend to specific dimensions that consisted of competitors, consumers, suppliers, regulators, and strategic partners. One element has an imperceptible change that lead a continued series alters in an organizations. The employments factors decide how much benefits they can bring for the organizations, also, it is a virtual factor to make sure whether the enterprise’s have abilities to sustainable development. Furthermore, training progress within a company is also one point to arise achievement in the future. An rational process for training staffs are highly likely to achieve a great motivated and loyalty management team. Senior managers are derived from the initial training program. For example, Siemens group selects genius graduated students who has willing to participated into its associate management program for bolstering the future corporation management team. (Siemens, 2014) However, the reality situation is usual lower than expectation by limited elements, managers need to be directed contingency their staffs with organization’s culture for making their has great apparent cohesion. From other side, for finding ways to enhance productivity that opulent allowance and wages make workers have positive motion to continue contributing in their position. The management team may have different award policies and leadership styles. Culture within the organization, crucial factors in determining the position of a easily to be ignored by people, usually plays a significant role in firm. Positive attitude for staffs enhance their initiative and great creativity, stimulate higher potential ability to staffs and make themselves full of confidence. (Kreitner, 2001) Whereas, lower atmosphere in an organization make people are unwilling to work favorably. It usually make business plan are restarted by lower efficiency or more errors. For managers, the ethical and moral testing for elopements is remarkable important for their work. It decided whether the secret assignments won’t be leakage by competitors. Moreover, an ethical issues, sometimes even decide the corporation’s life and salvation. The structure is not the predominant issue but may have further effect for organization. The simplest is non-profit agency usually perform lower motivation in comparison with profit business. As for management, if a company’s structure are too many levels of decision making that can be delay the speed of task implementation or information is slowly transformed in the hierarchy. The availability of fixed asset such as machine, devices or building is another elements that can great impact on organizations. If the fixed asset is lack of maintaining the daily operation or less than staff’s expectation then staffs may be hindered their duties. Otherwise, the managers evaluate investment through capital strengthen specifically the financial strength factor. Despite good other internal factors may be, it is troublesome for a firm that is poverty for cash flow to conduct business plan within organization’s mission. Assumed organization struggles with worse financial shortage that bring awareness of frightened for employment and manager as budgets need to be excessively tight. The Approaches for Eliminating Obstruction While the surroundings changed to a unintended context it requires corporation square away acquiring resources, implementing them decently, proceeding rational strategies, and maintaining firm’s sustainable development in order to decline the negative impact on factors of uncertainty. For the aspect of perceived complexity factors, it needs the managers have full sight on external environment to make correctly decisions. The essential measures claimed controller to understand the newly trends and incidents in external circumstance. And then forecast the future possible happened tendency and things. To know sufficient information, hence, is a good meaning to measure the current situation on external environment. Eventually, summarizing the effects and causes for appearing of an event in our external environment. (Choon-Ling, 2004) A prominent extent of decentralization and specialization have to scan larger range of environmental factors like emerging trends, threats, opportunities and strengths. The environmental variability factors demand organizations in animated business context to achieve the abilities to uninterpreted prospering the rapidly changing environment. To know there is always happening unintended situation may influence organization’s external environment. Actually, both environmental complexity and variability compose the cornerstone of structure for organizational long-term framework. They are postulated changing to resource assignation, enumeration, and antecedence during task implementation. Furthermore, these varies also enlarge requirements for more tangible controlling, which allows the business become more efficiency perceive and react to unforeseen issues or chances. Finally, considerable amounts of information and data processing are required decision maker has deeply comprehension during the phase of strategies conduction. Conclusion One opinion of how well an organization make its business activities confronted with environmental changing that is a measurement of evaluating an organization’s effectiveness and efficiency. Thus this essay withdraw viewpoints from sociological features and psychological characteristics in management strategic theories in order to illustrate how business are intervened by randomly various factors. Through reviewing previous literature of relevant studies, the apparent purpose of this essay is to facilitate organizational management would have been better comprehended. From my perspective, this essay display for viewer an easier version to realize why managers structured problems or mentioned tentative viewpoints in such a way. In addition, the objective suggestions and directions are provided for sake of intriguing awareness to future research. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国代写语言学论文精选:“如何摆脱不必要的防御策略”,这篇论文主要介绍了企业与公司实现快速增长的相关捷径,并对增长方法的多样化进行了详细的分析和讨论。
Paul Burns (2007) said Mergers and acquisitions are frequently used by entrepreneurs as a tool for achieving rapid growth and also as a short-cut to diversification. Kraft made a £10.2 billion takeover offer for the long-established British confectionery group Cadbury who makes Dairy Milk and Bourneville chocolate on September 7, 2009. After several bids by Kraft and successful defences by Cadbury, Cadbury became part of Kraft Foods finally on the February 2, 2010 by £12 billion. (Weardon: 2010) This essay will describe what types of defensive strategies available to target companies when it receives a takeover offer. It will particular explain some defensive strategies that Cadbury used to fight against Kraft. Defensive Strategies Nowadays, managers have come up with a number of defensive strategies to fight off unwanted takeover attempts. They are (Hiller, Grinblatt and Titman, 2008: p.744): Paying greenmail, or buying back the bidder’s stock at a substantial premium over its market price on condition that the bidder suspend his or her bid; Creating staggered board terms and supermajority rules, which can keep a bidder from taking over the firm even if he or she accumulates more than 50 per cent of the target firm’s shares; Introducing poison pills, which provide valuable rights to target shareholders who choose not to tender their shares; Lobbying for antitakeover legislation. P. S. Sudarsanam (1955) said the best form of defence is being prepared. Eternal vigilance is indeed the price of independence for a company which is a probable takeover target. However, the best-laid strategic defensive plans might go awry and the company, having become a target, needs battlefield tactical plans. He also pointed out one can thus divide defensive strategies into pre-paid and post-offer categories. Each of these categories of defence encompasses an extensive range of weapons. The best defence available to a firm is to ensure that there are efficient operations and strategies deliver cost, high profit margins and high earnings per share If a hostile bid is driven by the desire to create shareholder value. (Sudarsanam, 1995) The firm must take part in a consistent programme of educating the shareholders, analysts and media that its policies are really value enhancing. There the company experiences setbacks because of the economic cycle or the restructuring it has undertaken, it must make a credible case to the analysts and investing institutions that the setbacks are indeed temporary. The company needs to keep a close watch on unusual share price movements or share purchases to see whether any potential shareholders are building up to accept the bid. (Sudarsanam, 1995) In the UK, under the Code, the offer period is in most case limited to 60 days from the posting of the offer document by the bidder, adding urgency to the target’s tactics. Additional, rule 21 of the Code imposes upon the target management the obligation to get approval of their shareholders for any frustrating action, which is defined widely to include the following: (Sudarsanam, 1995: p.200) Issue of shares, or options or securities convertible into shares. Disposal or acquisition of assets of a material amount-normally 10 per cent of the target’s assts. Contracts made except in the ordinary course of business. Golden parachutes arranged at the onset of a bid or when it is imminent. Despite the above constraints, a range of tactics are still available in contested bids. (Sudarsanam, 1995: p.201) Defence Description and purpose First response and pre-emption letter Attack bid logic and price; advise target shareholders not to accept. Defence document Praise own performance and prospects; deride bid price and logic, form of finance and predator’s track record. Profit report/forecast Report or forecast improved profits for past/current year to make offer look cheap. Promise higher future dividends Increase returns to shareholders; weaken predator’s promise of superior returns. Asset revaluation Revalue properties, intangibles and brands; show bid undervalues target. Share support campaign Look for white knight or white squire; enlist own employee pension fund or employee share ownership plan; attempt to block control. Regulatory appeal Lobby antitrust/regulatory authorities to block bid. Litigation To enforce antitrust rules or force disclosure of nominee shareholders. Acquisition and divestment Buy a business to make target bigger or incompatible with bidder; sell ‘crown jewels’; organise a management buyout; bid cost higher and bidder strategy thrown into disarray. Unions/workforce Enlist to lobby antitrust authorities or politicians and to attack bidder’s plans for target. Customers/suppliers Enlist to lobby antitrust authorities or to show relations with them will be jeopardised if predator wins. Red herring Attack predator on peripheral matters. Advertisement Media campaign to discredit bid. Other than Rule 21 of the Code, there are also rules of the Code are relevant to target’s defensive strategy. Rule 19 requires that each document issued to shareholders must satisfy the highest standard of accuracy, and that the information contained must be adequately and fairly presented. Advertisements must in most cases be cleared by the Panel and must avoid arguments and invective. (Sudarsanam, 1995) Profit forecasts required by Rule 28 to be complied with scrupulous care, and the target’s financial adviser and accountant must ensure that they are so prepared. The reporting accountant’s consent to the forecast must accompany it. The panel monitors these forecasts long after end of the bid, to see whether there was any deliberate distortion of the forecasts in the light of information available at the time the forecasts were made. Similarly, under Rule 29, asset valuations must be supported by an independent valuer. (Sudarsanam, 1995) Defensive Strategies used by Cadbury On September 7, 2009, Kraft made a £10.2 billion takeover offer for Cadbury. What Cadbury did was attack the bid price (‘First response and pre-emption letter’ described by Sudarsanam), as Roger Carr, chairman of Cadbury, said: “Kraft is trying to buy Cadbury on the cheap to provide much needed growth to their unattractive low-growth conglomerate business model. Don’t let Kraft steal your company with its derisory offer” (Leroux: 2009). And this strategy was continuous used by Cadbury in the following bids. Cadbury also advised target shareholders not to accept the offer. ‘Cadbury described the bid as hostile and told its shareholders that Kraft needs to be stopped from stealing the company with its offer’ (Weldon: 2010). Roger Carr also said: “Kraft’s offer is very significantly below all comparable transactions in the sector; applying any of the comparable multiples would imply a price per share far above Kraft’s offer. Over half the offer consideration is in the form of Kraft shares, exposing our shareholders to Kraft’s low growth conglomerate business model, its long history of under-performance and its track record of missed targets.” (Associated Press, 2009). It was ‘Red herring’ strategy, exposed the performance and its business that Kraft always did, to attack predator on peripheral matters. Then Cadbury reported the profits of past year and forecasted improved profits for current and future year to make offer look cheap (‘Profit report/forecast’ strategy explained by Sudarsanam). When Kraft offer the price, Cadbury’s maker of Dairy Milk chocolate and Dentyne gum, said it expected to report a 5 percent growth in business revenue for 2009 or 11 percent higher on an actual currency basis. It said it had improved its trading margin by 1.55 percentage points to 13.5 percent (Associated Press: 2009). ‘Cadbury has a few long-term targets that it would like to meet such as growing sales by 5-7 percent over the next four years as well as increasing margins to 16-18 percent by 2013’ (Weldon: 2010). Also, Cadbury used ‘unions or workforce’ strategy and ‘Advertisement (interview by BBC)’. In an interview with the BBC World Service Mr Carr (Cadbury chairman) said he thought current takeover laws were unfair. He argued that where a hostile takeover bid is mounted and fails, the failed purchaser should be required to pay the costs run up by the target company. In this case it would mean Kraft paying Cadbury’s substantial costs in mounting its defence (BBC: 2009). Conclusion Corporate managers often react negatively to unsolicited takeover bids. One would hope that their motive in doing so is to achieve the highest possible value for the firm’s shares rather than merely exhibiting the Principle of Self-Interested Behaviour to protect their jobs. The courts have generally held that the directors of a firm have a responsibility to obtain maximum value for shareholders (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2004: p.820). In Cadbury’s case, it used some defensive strategies to fight against Kraft time by time. However, when Kraft offered a £12 billion bid, Cadbury stopped to rejecting it. This was because the offer gave a very high value than Cadbury can create by itself in the following year. To maximum the value for shareholders, the best way was to accept the offer rather than defence it again. Overall, Cadbury had successfully used the defensive strategies to create a high value, to make maximum value for shareholders. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国语言学论文代写精选:“叙事小说中的现实主义”,这篇论文主要介绍了现实主义理论的概念,以及在这背后所存在的问题。文章指出,现实主义潜在的社会结构并不能通过电视剧来反映,所以我们应该对社会有更多的关注。
There is no universal, all encompassing definition of realism, nor is there agreement amongst academics and film-makers as to its purpose and use. But what we can say is that there are many ‘realisms’ and these realisms share an interest in presenting some aspects of live as it is lived”. (Lay, 2002, pg.6) This quote really helped me to understand the question in hand and what John Ellis meant when he said that there is no realism but there are realisms. In the context that I am writing in, about television drama, it means that different television dramas represent different aspects of reality and each one has its own unique function and purpose. For example, soap operas use realistic, life-like situations and issues such as divorce, death, teenage angst and relationships. These are topics that every person has had to deal with at some point in there life. Obviously the storylines on these programmes are greatly exaggerated but they can either help by showing people ways of getting through them or by showing them that their own lives are not as bad as they may think compared to those on screen. Other television dramas present other aspects of reality such as The Bill or Doctors illustrate what live is like in different institutions (i.e. the police force and a doctor’s surgery) and the struggles that they face in the professional and personal life. To begin with I shall present and explore the views and opinions on realism of other writers that I have researched into and observe their position on Ellis’ statement that there is no one ‘realism’. In addition to this, I am going to be looking at two case studies. These studies will be regarding television dramas of different genres so that I can make comparisons between them. I will also look at how realism is used in these dramas and which theories relate to them. Then I shall look at Desperate Housewives, which is an American drama set in a cul-de-sac in suburbia where the residents are best friends but all hide dark secrets from one another. I will review Holby City, a drama set in a British hospital that explores not only the situations and issues of the patients, but also follows on going storylines about the lives and relationships concerning the staff. I shall then do my own analysis of each drama individually and comparatively, looking at conventions and how they relate to theories of realism such as ‘British Social Realism’ and the ‘Classic Realist Text’. John Ellis wrote about realism in his book ‘Visible Functions – cinema, television and radio’, which is where the quote in the title is cited from. In his chapter on realism he says that “…the word ‘realism’ is used to cover a whole series of ideas and expectations, some of which can conflict each other” (1992, pg.15). By this he is saying that there are so many different theories and ideas into what realism is, this means that we cannot talk about realism as having one definition because there is no one realism. Therefore we can only refer to these theories as ‘realisms’ because there is no one way of describing what is it. Ellis goes on to say how he believes that realism can often be over complicated as the word is used to describe a range of “artist construction and of audience expectation”. In his realism chapter he also talks about how it is not just a realistic portrayal of character and events that makes a television programme realistic. He says that the programme also needs “surface accuracy” and to confirm the perceptions of what an audience expects to happen within a television programme that you would be expecting from preconceived ideas and common sense. It also needs to explain itself fully to the audience to fill in the gaps of what they do not out from these preconceptions made from previous viewing. However, these aspects to programme making are not enough on their own. For example, when thinking about “surface accuracy” media producers will also need to be thinking about all features that make up this one area, such as characters costumes, settings and props. In his book Ellis talks about realism as being a way of trying to depict things as they either are or as they were. He goes on to dispute this by saying that “the demand that a representation should explain itself adequately to the audience cuts right across the desire that it should show things ‘as they were’” (1992, pg.16). By this I think that he is saying that an adequate representation may not necessarily show events as they were. This is because programme makers are sometimes more absorbed in making sure that a programme is entertaining to its audience than that it is a completely accurate representation. According to Ellis there are 4 ways in which realism can be used and shown. However, because of how society constantly changes and develops these descriptions will also be in need of changing so that they are more appropriate to today’s society. Programme makers are also trying to break the conventions of realism and try out new techniques and methods to create a new sense of reality and how we recognise it. The other books that I looked in for research said very similar things about how there can be no one explanation for what realism is. In the book ‘Picture of Reality’ they talk about how knowledge is socially constructed and say that “for realism, no formal criteria can be adequate to the task of characterising scientific explanations” (Lovell, 1980, pg.17). Later on in this book they go on to talk about how people try to find patterns in realism when there really isn’t any to find. I have also been doing some research on this topic in the book ‘Television Drama – realism, modernism and British culture’. In this book John Caughie talks about what he calls ‘serious drama’, which is what he refers to as a ‘scare quote’ by which he means that he uses this term just to make people realise that studying television drama is not just as simple as watching ER. By this term he means that we should look at dramas in a more cultural way and although it is a series drama, he means that it is series in ways other than just its content. He says “…’legitimate’ cultural territory within television from other areas which are legitimated by the official discourse of cultural approval” (Caughie, 2000, pg.3). In this introductory chapter to his book Caughie also talks about how we stereotype genders to certain television dramas, for example women are more associated with soap operas whereas men are seen as more likely to watch action dramas. Then, because of this we then slip into what he calls a “natural order”. To put Ellis’ theory about how there is no one ‘realism’ into context I am going to be looking at and analysing the television drama that is Desperate Housewives (fig.1). I will be talking about what the drama is about, where it is set and the characters in it. As well as this I will be exploring how this supports the opinion of Ellis that this drama will only be representative of one type of realism and portray one aspect of live. Desperate Housewives is a drama made mainly for the purpose of entertaining its target audience. It is based around four main female characters, and narrated by a woman who used to be in their circle of friends but committed suicide in the first episode. The programme follows these women through their lives and the challenges and traumas that they face in the weekly episodes. Like a soap opera the events that take place are usually the type of situations that people are confronted with in every day live. However, the frequency of the events is exaggerated immensely in order to make the programme more appealing and entertaining to its audience. This means that Desperate Housewives both does and does not display realism, because the events and the way they and handled are realistic, yet the regularity at which they are occurring are not realistic for a setting such as the one in which this drama is situated. This location of this programme is another aspect to consider in terms of realism. By this I mean that Desperate Housewives is set in a quiet col-de-sac called Wisteria Lane (fig.2) in the fictional town of Fairview. This is another issue that could be deemed realistic or not because the town itself is not a real place, but it is realistic in the sense that it is representative of suburban towns and streets in America. Looking at even these view issues we can begin to unravel what Ellis means when he says that there can be no one definition of what realism is. This is because even in this one television drama there are many different areas that we have to look when considering if it is realistic. We cannot declare that the programme is realistic as a whole when some areas may lack in realism. In certain ways Desperate Housewives does relate to some aspects of the ‘Classic Realist Text’. I mean this is the sense that it will quite often use ‘dominant specularity’, where we as the viewer know more than the main characters. This will happen in the majority, if not all of the episodes because even though the main characters are a group of women who are best friends, they still have many secrets from each other. As the audience we are aware of everything that happens on Wisteria Lane, whereas if there is a scandalous event occurring that involves one of these women no one else will be conscious of it. Desperate Housewives also deals with some of the issues raised within ‘Social Realism’, but not in the sense that it deals with working class characters because the families are very middles class. However, in the way that it deals with contemporary issues such as homosexuality, suicide and racial issues. I also decided to examine Ellis’ theory in relation to a different type of television drama so to make comparisons between to the two. To do this I chose to look at Casualty (fig.3), a hospital drama which is broadcast on BBC1. Casualty is the longest running medical drama (first broadcast in 1986) and it follows the lives of the staff and patients in the Accident and Emergency department at the fictional ‘Holby City’ Hospital which is located in Bristol. The programme not only concentrates on the goings on within the hospital, but also explores the private lives of the staff. It also does not only focus on the one profession of people in the hospital (i.e. the doctors), but centres around surgeons, nurses, receptionists etc (fig.4). This makes the drama seem a lot more realistic because obviously all the staff in a hospital are of equal importance. The makers show this by not having just a few main characters; instead they have many characters that get roughly the same amount of screen time and storylines each. Each episode will start off with the back story of the person, or the family of the person, who is going to be the main patient within that episode. We will see the events leading up to their incident and see how it happens. Obviously the majority of the programme is set in the hospital but we also follow to ambulance drivers when they go on call outs. This makes Casualty fit in with certain aspects of Social Realism which is often filmed on location. There are ways in which Casualty is both realistic and not. It shows good realism from a medical perspective, they manage this because they have real medical staff on set at all time to make sure that everything is represented accuracy. They also have to make sure that they always use the correct terminology and get all of the medical concepts exactly right as to make sure medically it is 100% accurate. However, similarly to Desperate Housewives, the lack of realism is down to the frequency at which events are occurring. Every week in Holby City hospital there are many more disastrous accidents and much more disease than any real life hospital would see, but again the incidents obviously all need to be exaggerated greatly to keep the audience interested in the programme. I can make a similar observation of Casualty that I did of Desperate Housewives. This is that Ellis was write in his theory that ‘there is no realism’ is correct, not only over television drama itself (that is to say that all programmes represent different aspects of reality) but in each drama individually. This becomes more and more obvious when analysing television dramas because, as I said before, there are so many elements to a drama that some could be realistic and some could not be. Therefore, event within one drama series there are what can only be described as realisms. Both of these television dramas that I have been studying have a lot of similar conventions to those of social realism. To begin with they both deal with the contemporary issues that I mentioned before (e.g. homosexuality) in a very open way and do not try to hide this type of issues away, because that is not what we should and do act like in society. They are also contemporary in the sense that, unlike watching a film, we never know what is going to happen in the end because there is no end, and the programme makers may not even know so it is impossible for anyone else to. In addition to this, they fit the convention of being secular; an extension of real life, because they use real life situations and adapt them to entertain their target audience. In contrast to Ellis’ views about how there are many realisms, some people do believe in ‘Anti-realism’. This theory basically says that realist theories only show the surface and that we need to question the understanding behind it. Lukacs would say that realism fails to look at underlying social structure within television dramas and that it should advance our knowledge of society by focusing more on the programmes narratives. He also goes on to say that new social realities are in need of new forms of representation to get them across to the viewer. Although I do agree with some one the anti-realist policies and that some realist theories do need to grow with the development of society, I still think that Ellis was correct in his quote that “there is no realism, but there are realisms”. This is because in my eyes there can be no one definition of realism because every film or programme that we watch show reality it a different way. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询51Due哦。 英国语言学论文代写精选:“Research and Analysis Based on Operation Management”,这篇论文主要介绍了运营管理方法的概念及应用。文章指出,针对公司的运营,我们需要遵循良好的质量控制条例和健康安全准则,才能更加有力地管理起一家公司,并创造出更辉煌的未来。
In the case study presented we have a scenario, we have a company that lacks good corporate management, quality control, and health safety. The Eastern Dairy Company runs on a 3 shift process; 7-3 , 3-11, & 11-7 shift schedule. Our main character, George, works on the night shift, the 11-7 schedule with a crew of 5 other employees. In this study we are given a background of George, in regards to his past and personality. He is an under achiever, has only looked for minimum wage opportunities; comes from a traditional family, has some type of relationship with a woman named Cathy. She seems to be the only source of motivation for him to pursue this job, as they (George & Cathy) prepare and plan their wedding. As previously stated, he has sought employment merely to fulfill the needs of providing for gas and date spending money. That stated one could characterize our protagonist as someone with low self esteem, low standards and morals, and a sense of duty that is less then desirable. George’s responsibility is to clean and maintain 500 gallons of product (milkshake mix formula) during his shift. A dilemma arises when our character has to decide whether to report a potential health hazard on one of the jobs. In the dissection of this scenario all factors need to be taken into account. Starting with the most prominent is the issue of lack of supervision. Another critical issue noted in the article is the consequential responsibilities of the other shifts. A more in depth observation on that underlying issue underscores the lack of quality control throughout the twenty four hour cycle of the productions process, and poor implementation of the standard operating procedures of the company relating to food safety. A recent example of hazards in food production was the 2009 FDA recall of peanut butter even with Salmonella contamination (The FDA found that between June of 2009 and August of 2012, Sunland Inc. had distributed, or cleared for distribution, portions of 11 lots, or daily production runs, of peanut or almond butter after its own testing program identified the presence of at least one of nine different Salmonella types (Arapahoe, Bredeney, Cerro, Dallgow, Kubacha, Mbandaka, Meleagridis, Newport, and Teddington) in those lots. Two of these lots showed the presence of the outbreak strain of Salmonella Bredeney. Equally important, five product samples collected and analyzed by the FDA from Sunland Inc. showed the presence of Salmonella, but which had not been identified as containing Salmonella by Sunland Inc.’s internal testing. Among those products were peanut butter and shelled raw peanuts. Two of these samples showed the presence of the outbreak strain of Salmonella Bredeney (USDA). Breaking down the incidents as they occur, the first, as previously mentioned, is the lack of corporate structure and supervision. George and his coworkers do not have a supervisor to monitor their activities and preside over the production during the shift. Paul, our antagonist is the “self appointed” leader of the night shift crew. He is one of a crew of six including George, and he decides the process, and time allocation among the crew. As stated in the article the main responsibilities of the shift is to manually maintain and clean the vats, mixers, filters, etc. With the handling of food, or food products, there must be a well maintained sanitary environment, with robust safety and quality controls in place. As stated in the text, George and his co-workers were notorious for having “water balloon” fights with the 5 gallon bags filled with pre made mix. These acts not only contaminate the area, and render it the unsanitary but it raises the issue of destruction of property. “While George did not relish being hit by an exploding bag containing five gallons of heavy mix, he found it great fun to lob one at his co-workers. The loss of 10 to 40 gallons of mix on a shift did not seem to concern anyone, and these fights were never curtailed”. So not only is there a sanity issue, we have destruction of property, and theft. For there to be a wasted 40 gallons per five gallon bag, there is a consistent loss of 8 bags a “game” if you will. On the matter of health and safety, the article mentions that Paul mentions to George that the Health Inspectors do in fact drop in unannounced at the end of the shift to inspect conditions. This information would point to an assumption that the inspectors show up for the beginning of the morning inspection. That data also implies that the plant could in fact be running the vats, mixers, etc for a full 24 hours, and not be cleaned periodically let alone being inspected. All of which leads to the question, what are the responsibilities of the other shifts. The final information presented in this case study is the argument made by Paul to George when George brings the presence of maggots to Paul’s attention. Paul responds “don’t’ forget that all this stuff goes through homogenizer (pressure tube) so any solid matter will be completely pulverized. And when it’s heated in the pasteurization process, any bacteria will be killed”. Unfortunately that is not the case. According to K.R. Mathers in his study of dairy microbiology he states “UHT or ultra-heat-treated) is also used for milk treatment. In the HTST process, milk is forced between metal plates or through pipes heated on the outside by hot water, and is heated to 71.7°C (161°F) for 15–20 seconds. UHT processing holds the milk at a temperature of 135°C (275°F) for a minimum of one second” (Montville). The process would 1.) Not remove all the maggots and or the remains from the homogenizer, and 2.) Even if the pasteurization process disintegrated the remnants of the homogenization process would still not remove all the disintegrated remains. There would still be contaminants making their way into the final product. Because Paul is not a trained supervisor, and one could assume he does not have a chemical engineering, or biology degree, he does not know this. And to presume he understands the process, for which his only function in it is to clean the equipment, shows the ultimate lack of supervision on the company’s part. In conclusion, the Eastern Dairy Company has to ultimately be forced to recall on all its mixes to all their clients for that specific production date. The Eastern Dairy Company also needs to fire Paul, and the other night crew members, for their lack of responsibility and disregard to what should have been company protocol. They must also hire new night crew teams, as well as hire a night shift supervisor fully aware of company policies and procedures. As a direct result of the contaminated shipments, Eastern Dairy might even have to face potential lawsuits, and fines. All of which could have been avoided, if the site was maintained, and properly cleaned and supervised. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国代写code范文精选:“分布式计算系统”,这篇论文主要介绍了分布式计算系统的基础知识和搭建过程。文章指出,分布式计算系统的搭建需要在AWS上使用EMR搭建一个Hadoop集群,然后编写MapReduce程序对数据进行分析。
Required skills and technologies 1.YARN 2.Hadoop 3.MapReduce In this assignment you will learn the basics of MapReduce. You will do this with four exercises: 1.We will rework the filtering exercise of Assignment 1 on Hadoop MapReduce using Hadoop’s “Streaming” API. We will do this with a mapper that filters out the lines that are not wanted, and a reducer that simply copies from input to output. 2.We will then perform the classic “word count” exercise, which creates a histogram of all the words in a text document. The mapper will map single lines to individual words, and the reducer will count the number of words. 3.We will perform a logfile analysis, using web logs from from the website https://forensicswiki.org/ between TKDATE and TKDATE. We will generate a report of the number of web “hits” for each month in the period under analysis. 4.We will then introduce the concept of the combiner, which is a reducer that runs on each mapper before the keys are combined globally. We will use the combiner to implement an efficient “top-10” pattern that computes the top-10 on each node, minimizing the amount of data that is transfered. Part 1: Creating your first EMR cluster. 1.If you VMs from Assignment #1 are still running, log into them and make sure that the git repositories are committed and pushed back to your git server. (Be sure to use git status to see if there are any files that need to be added to the git repository with git add.) 2.Log into the Amazon Web Services console and make sure that your prevous VMs are shut down. 3.Log into the Elasitic Map Reduce console and create a cluster. Below we walk you through the “Quick options.” 4.Log to S3 5.Create a cluster for Core Hadoop. 6.Use m3.xlarge with 3 instances (1 master and 2 core nodes) 7.Use your existing EC2 key pair (hopefully you still have access to the private key!) 8.Click on AWS CLI export and copy the command line into the file q1.txt in this directory. Answer the questions in the file. 9.Log into the head end node ssh. Note: git will not be installed on the EMR cluster, but python 3.4 is installed by default! (We just discovered this, and we’re thrilled!) 10.Run the command df -h to see the drives attached to your virtual machine. 11. Review the YARN Commands on the Apache Hadoop website. Run the yarn version command to see which version of YARN you are using. Run the yarn node –list comkmand to see the nodes that are installed on your cluster. Yea! You are now ready to use MapReduce! Part 2: Basic Filtering with Map Reduce In this section we will replicate the filtering project of Assignment #1, but we’ll do it with Hadoop Streaming. (To see how Hadoop Streaming has been modified for Amazon Map Reducer, please review the Amazon EMR documentation) Because of the minimal amount of computation done, these tasks are entirely I/O-bound. We have given you a program called run.py. This Python program is specially created for this course. It both runs the Hadoop Streaming job and writes time results into a data file. There is also a symbolic link to run.py called p2_python.py. When you run the command p2_python.py, it will default to using the program q2_mapper.py as the mapper and q2_reducer.py as the reducer, but you can change these with the –mapper and –reducer arguments. The program uses –input to specify the input S3 file/prefix, or HDFS file/directory. The –output option specifies where the output is stored. You can specify other things as well; use python34 run.py –help to get a list of the options. We have also give you two starting Python programs: q2_mapper.py and q2_reducer.py. These programs implement wordcount. You need to change them to implement a filtered counting! Run a Hadoop Streaming job using a modified version of the provided q2_mapper.py and q2_reducer.py that outputs the number of lines that have the fnard:-1 fnok:-1 cark:-1 gnuck:-1 pattern. The input to the Hadoop Streaming job is an S3 filename. You can run the Hadoop Streaming job two ways: Using the provided run.py Python script as explained above, or, Manually running the hadoop command as explained in class using the following as an example: hadoop jar /usr/lib/hadoop/hadoop-streaming-2.7.3-amzn-1.jar \ -files q2_mapper.py,q2_reducer.py \ -input [[input-file]] -output [[output-location]] \ -mapper q2_mapper.py \ -reducer q2_reducer.py 1.Run the program on the file quazyilx1.txt and verify that you get the same result that you got in Assignment 1. 2.Run the program on the file quazyilx2.txt, a 19.4GB file, and note the answer. 3.Run the program on the file quazyilx3.txt, a 39.5GB file, and note the answer. 4.You did the above problems with your cluster with 1 master node and 2 core nodes. The master node controls your cluster, hold HDFS files, and can run jobs. The core nodes holds HDFS files and run jobs. Amazon’s EMR allows you to dynamically add (or remove) core and task instances. As you add more core and task instances, your jobs will run faster, up to a particular point. Add a core node and recompute the amount of time it takes to run the job on quazyilx1.txt, quazyilx2.txt and quazyilx3.txt. 5.Repeat the experiment with 2 and 4 Task nodes. The prototype run.py program that we have given you computes the clock time that the job took and records the number of nodes in an output file. We have also created a symbolic link called q2_python.py that points to run.py. When the q2_python.py link is given to the Python language, the run.py sees the name that it has been called with and stores the results in a file called q2_results.txt. The --plot option of the program should read this file and plots it using matplotlib. However, currently it doesn’t. Instead, there is a program called grapher.py that generates a plot with fake data that is hard-coded into the file. We will modify the program to do the plotting by the end of the first weekend of the problem set, but you can do it yourself if you wish the experience! To use this program, you will need to either install matplotlib on your head-end, or else you will need to commit the results to your private git repository, pull the results to a system that has matplotlib installed, and generate the plot there. Turn in the files q2_results.txt, q2_plot.png and q2_plot.pdf, showing how the speed of this system responds to increases in the number of nodes. Part 3: HDFS As in Part 2, these steps are entirely I/O bound. However this time you are able to control the I/O performance of your system. 1.Resize your cluster and remove all of the Task nodes. You now have 3 nodes: 1 master and 2 core. 2.Copy the file quazyilx3.txt to your local HDFS system. 3.The program q3_python.py is another link to the program (run.py) but stores its results in the file q3_results.txt. Run the program and compute how long it takes to run. 4.When you copied the file quazyilx3.txt to your HDFS system, it was split into blocks and stored on three different systems. Delete the file in HDFS and resize your cluster so that it has 5 Core nodes. Copy the file quazyilx3.txt back to your HDFS system; now it will be stored on 5 nodes. Re-run (q3_python.py) and see how the time that the program takes changes. 5.Delete the file quazyilx3.txt again, resize your cluster to have 10 Core nodes, copy the file quazyilx3.txt back to your cluster, and re-run (q3_python.py). This determines how long the process takes with the file stored on 5 HDFS nodes. Commit your results to your git repository and push the repository to your git server. Shut down your cluster when you are done. Part 4: Logfile analysis The file forensicswiki.2012.txt is a year’s worth of Apache logs for the forensicswiki website. Each line of the log file correspondents to a single HTTP GET command sent to the web server. The log file is in the Combined Log Format. If you look at the first few lines of the log file, you should be able to figure out the format. At this point, you should understand why this command works. Our goal in this part is to write a map/reduce programs using Python3.4 and Hadoop Streaming that will report the number of hits for each month. For example, if there were 10,000 hits in the month January 2010 and 20,000 hits in the month February 2010, your output should look like this: <pre> 2010-01 10000 2010-02 20000 ... </pre> Where 10000 and 20000 are replaced by the actual number of hits in each month. Here are some hints to solve the problem: Your mapper should read each line of the input file and output a key/value pair in the form YYYY-MM\t1 where YYYY-MM is the year and the month of the log file, \t is the tab character, and 1 is the number one. 1.Your reducer should tally up the number of hits for each key and output the results. 2.Once the results are stored in in HDFS, you can output the results the hdfs dfs -cat command piped into a Unix sort. 3.Store the output in the file q4_monthly.txt . Turn in q4_mapper.py, q4_reducer.py, and q4_run.py in addition to q4_monthly.txt. Part 5: EXTRA CREDIT Finding the top-10 hits 1.Extract the URL and generate a histogram of the total number of HTTP transactions (“hits”) for each URL. 2.Now modify this program so that it only records the top 10 hits. Do this in two steps: 2a. Write a top-10 combiner that performs a data reduction at each node, keeping track of the top-10, and outputing the most popular 10 with a single key to the reducer. 2b. Write a top-10 reducer that reads the top-10 from each of the combiners, determines the top-10, and stores it in a single file in HDFS or S3. Provide an output file that has the top-10. This file should be called q5_top_10.txt and have the following format: COUNT <tab> URL The file should be sorted by COUNT, with the largest first. Turn in q5_mapper.py, q5_reducer.py, q5_combiner.py and q5_run.py in addition to q5_top_10.txt. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国代写code范文精选:“密码破解器”,这篇论文主要讲述了大多数入侵登录界面的过程。本实验的目标是创建一个C语言程序,读取一个名为jfd_passwords.txt的伪密码文件,并尝试猜测其中的加密密码。
Requirement One of the first steps in most intrusion attempts is to try to guess user logins and passwords. Your objective in this lab assignment is to create a C language program (convince me you want to do this in a language other than C) to read a pseudo-password file named jfd_passwords.txt and attempt to guess the encrypted passwords within. You may work on this assignment in pairs. You must write the program in C. You should use the crypt(3) library function to encrypt your password guesses. You should extract the salt string from the pseudo-password file entry. You may use any technique you wish to guess passwords (see suggestions below). The Linux system dictionary file is (usually) in /usr/share/dict/words (or linux.words). It has 480K words in it, including numbers, hyphenated words, and a host of very strange ones. The system dictionary on Mac OS X 10.11 is also in /usr/share/dict/words. It has 235K words, however. On a Mac OS X system there is also a /usr/share/dict/web2a dictionary that include hyphenated words, and a /usr/share/dict/propernames file that contains 1323 proper names, all one per line. I’ve also got several lists of common and pilfered passwords that I’ll post on the Google Classroom page. The jfd_passwords.txt file is in the Google Classroom, attached to this problem set. The format of the entries in the file matches that of the/etc/passwd file as found in the passwd(5) man page on your local Linux box. Copy this file to your own computer or to one of the computers in the Crash and Burn lab to work on it. DO NOT execute your password program on euclid. DO NOT use the system password file as a test file. (It doesn’t have any passwords in it anyway!) DO NOT execute your password program on any of the ITS lab machines, or on KnoxAnyWare. If you’ve installed Kali Linux on your machine (under VirtualBox), then that’s a great place to create and test your program. You can easily move files back and forth via your Google Drive (just login to my.knox.edu using the Ice Weasel web browser on Kali Linux). If you don’t want to use Kali Linux, you can use the SEED version of Ubuntu, or you can just login to euclid.lab.knet.edu and do your work there (except for that final testing bit from above). If you have a Mac, just open up the terminal window and work there. If you have a Windoze machine, I’d suggest downloading Cygwin and working in there. In addition to your program and the documentation described below, you should turn in: 1.the list of the passwords you recovered 2.the number of tries it took to recover each password 3.the time it took your program to recover each password. Your grade for this problem set will depend on how many passwords you crack. The more the better!! HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS: I’d try a straight dictionary attack first, using one of the dictionary files mentioned above. Then try some of the common passwords from the files on the Google Drive. Then try dictionary words backwards. Then try replacing certain characters with digits O = 0, I = 1, E = 3, etc. The above attacks should get you several passwords; then be creative! Be aware that your program might execute for a loooooooonnnnnngggggg time, (like for 12 to 24 hours or more). You must print each password you find (including the original line from the password file) to an output file along with a timestamp. You should consider executing your program in the background. To do this from the command line, do something like: $ time ./mypasswordCracker <dictionary file> <password file> & You must time how long your password program works and print the elapsed time at the end. (you can do this using the time(1) command line function in Linux as above). The plaintext passwords used to create the jfd_passwords.txt file have the following characteristics: 1.They are composed of only the characters [a-zA-Z0-9*_] 2.The password lengths are between 3 and 12 characters, inclusive. (I’m being nice.) 3.At least some of the passwords are dictionary words. (Nice again.) To help you understand the use of the crypt() function , here’s a simple example that works on MacOS X systems and (with slight modification) on Linux systems: Example 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 /* * Short program to test the crypt(3) library function. * note that on a Linux system you must include * crypt.h and link with -lcrypt * this is not necessary on Mac OS X */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char *salt; char *password; if (argc < 3) { fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s <salt> <password>\n", argv[0]); exit(1); } salt = argv[1]; password = argv[2]; printf("Encrypted password is %s\n", crypt(password, salt)); return 0; } 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C |
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