英国代写code范文精选:“CSCE310编程问题详解”,这篇论文主要介绍了CSCE310的相关编程问题,并对这些问题进行了详细的分析和说明。文章主要对两个算法程序以及六个算法分析题进行了分析及说明,让读者可以更清晰地理解CSCE310的编程过程。
Instructions This assignment consists of 6 analytical problems and 2 programming problems. Your solutions to the analytical problems must be submitted, as one PDF, via webhandin. While handwritten (then scanned) solutions to the analytical problems are acceptable, you are strongly encouraged to typeset your solutions in L A TEX or a word processor with an equation editor. The legibility of your solutions is of great importance. It is required that your PDF’s filename not include spaces, percent signs, pound symbols, or parentheses. Programming Assignment Your methods will be tested on the cse.unl.edu server, using gcc version 4.8.1 20130909 [gcc-4_8-branch revision 202388] (SUSE Linux). To ensure proper execution, you should test your submission in the webgrader You will submit csce310hw002pt01.h, csce310hw002pt02.h, csce310hw002pt01.cpp, csce310hw002pt02.cpp (and maybe csce310hw002pt03.h and csce310hw002pt03.cpp), along with your PDF, via web handin. ourQuickSelect ourQuickSelect is a function that should take an integer value i and a vector of n integer values. ourQuickSelect should return the number of comparisions needed to find the i th smallest value in the vector using the quickselect algorithm. The first element in the vector should be used as the pivot. You may assume that each number in the vector is unique. sumToN sumToN is an adaptation of Exercise 6.1.7 on page 206. sumToN will take two arguments: a vector of integer values and another integer value. The function will return true if two unique values in the array sum to the quantitiy of the second input value. It may be assumed that the vector will be in ascending order. averageComparisions (10 Points Extra Credit or Honors Contract) Given an array of n integers, return the average number of comparisons that would be required to successfully find an element in the array using binary search. You may assume that the values in the array will be provided in ascending order. When more than one element can be chosen in the search, choose the element with a smaller value. General Guidelines Sample header, source, and testing files have been provided. You may modify the .h and .cpp files as needed, but you will only be turning in the four/six files mentioned above. The webgrader will be compiling the code with the command g++ -o /path/to/executable.out /path/to/source/files/*.cpp 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C
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英国代写code范文精选:“数据集分析处理”,这篇论文主要介绍了对数据集进行分析处理的方法。文章用C#和Python两种语言对同一份数据集进行分析和处理,在两种语言分析得出的最终结果一致的前提下,对实验数据进行了相应的处理。
Requirement For this assignment, you are to write two equivalent programs - one in C# and one in Python. When writing your code, you should utilize features/data structures in C# and Python that facilitate your coding. The programs will process A datafile - zipcodes.txt - contains over 85K ines of text - one line for each geographic location in the US territories. There is a header line but all other lines are tab-separated. Fields The fields, left to right, are: RecordNumber Zipcode Zipcode type City State Location Type Lat Lon X Y Z World region Country Location text Location Decommissioned Tax returns filed Estimated population Total wages Notes (often empty) Data files Other data files are also provided: 1.states.txt - contains a series of legal state abbreviations, one per line 2.zips.txt - contains a series of legal zipcodes, one per line 3.cities.txt - contains a series of city names, one per line Output files Your programs will create the following output files: 1.CommonCityNames.txt - contains all the city names that appear in all of the states listed in states.txt. The cities should appear in sorted order and one per line. 2.LatLon.txt - For each zip code listed in zips.txt, you will have a corresponding line of output. Each output line will list that zip code’s latitude and longitude (space separated). If the zip code has multiple entries, provide the first one listed in zipcodes.txt. 3.CityStates.txt - For each city listed in cities.txt, you will have a corresponding line of output. Each output line will list the states containing that city name in sorted order and space separated. A state should be listed at most once for each city. 4.grad.txt The two geographically most distant zipcodes - space separated The zip code with the largest population The zip code with the smallest population The zip code with the largest per capita wages The zip code with the smallest per capita wages The city with the largest total population (e.g., Brooklyn, NY). Notes Clarity and correctness is the primary consideration when writing this code. Performance is a only secondary concern; however, obviously wasteful approaches should not be used. Your program will be compiled and tested on ceclnx01 with the following command. There are no command line arguments for this program. You can assume that the appropriate data files are located in the directory where your program is located. You program should create data files with the correct output. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国code范文代写:“Data and Visual Analytics”,这篇论文主要介绍了如何使用工具来创建表格,并用表格统计由unhcr_persons_of_concern.csv所提供的难民详细情况数据(总人口)的过程。
Q1. Designing a good table. Visualizing data with Tableau Imagine you are a data scientist working with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and need to perform the following tasks to aid UNHCR’s understanding of persons of concern. Table Create a table to display the details of the refugees (Total Population) in the year 2005 from the data provided in unhcr_persons_of_concern.csv. You can use any tool (e.g., Excel, HTML) to create the table. Keep suggestions from class in mind when designing your table (see lectures slides for what to and what not to do, but you are not limited to the techniques described). Describe your reason for choosing the techniques you use in explanation.txt in no more than 50 words. Tableau Visualize the demographic attributes (age, sex, country of origin, asylum seeking country) in the file unhcr_popstats_demographics.csv (in the folder Q1) for any given year in one chart. Tableau is a popular InfoViz tool and the company has provided us with student licenses. Go to this link and select “Get Started”. On the form, enter your Georgia Tech email address for “Business email” and “Georgia Institute of Technology” for “Organization”. The Desktop Key for activation is available in TSquare Resources as “Tableau Desktop Key”. This key is for your use in this course only. Do not share the key with anyone. Provide a rationale for your design choices in this step in the file explanation.txt in no more than 50 words. Q2. Forcedirected graph layout You will experiment with many aspects of D3 for graph visualization. To help you get started, we have provided the graph.html file (in the folder Q2). Adding node labels Modify the graph.html to show labels to the right of each node in the graph. If a node is dragged, its label must also move with the node. (You are welcome to split graph.html into graph.html, graph.js and graph.css.) Coloring links Color the links based on the “value” field in the links array. Assign the following colors: If the value of the edge is >= 1.5 : assign Blue color to the link. If the value of the edge is < 1.5 : assign Green color to the link. Scaling node sizes 1.Adjust the radius of each node in the graph based on the degree of the node. 2.In explanation.txt, using no more than 40 words, discuss which metric (possible metrics: scaling the radii linearly, scale the radii by the square root of the degree, etc.) you have used and explain why you think it is a good choice. Pinning nodes (fixing node positions) 1.Modify the html so that when you double click a node, it pins the node’s position such that it will not be modified by the graph layout algorithm (note: pinned nodes can still be dragged around by the user but they will remain at their positions otherwise). 2.Mark pinned nodes so that they are visually distinguishable from unpinned nodes, e.g., pinned nodes shown with a different color, or border thickness, or visually annotated with a “star” (*), etc. 3.Double clicking a pinned node should unpin (unfreeze) its position and unmark it. Q3. Visualizing scatter plots Use the dataset provided in the file iris.tsv (in the folder Q3) to create a scatterplot. Features/ Attributes in the dataset: 1.Sepal length in cm 2.Sepal width in cm 3.Petal length in cm 4.Petal width in cm 5.Class: Iris Setosa, Iris Versicolor, Iris Virginica Creating scatter plots 1.Create two scatter plots, one for each feature combination specified below. In the scatter plots, visualize the different classes using different symbols (circle for setosa, square for versicolor and triangle for virginica) and add a legend showing how symbols map to the classes Features 1 and 2 Features 3 and 4 2.In explanation.txt, using no more than 40 words, discuss which plot is better at separating the classes and why. Scatter plots should be placed one after the other in an html page as shown in the reference below. Please note that your design need not be identical to the given reference. Based on the scatter plot created for features 1 and 2 (Sepal Length vs Sepal Width), create new plots for the following questions: 1.Scaling symbol sizes. Set the size of each symbol in the plot to be proportional to the square root of the the length parameter. Create a new plot for this part. 2.Axis Scales in D3. Create two plots for this part to try out two axis scales in D3, one for using the square root scale (applied to both axes) and another for using the log scale (also applied to both axes). Explain in no more than 40 words which scale works best for this dataset in explanation.txt. Q4. Visualizing heat map Use the dataset 2 provided in hourly_heatmap.json (in the folder Q4) that describes glucose readings over time, and visualize it using D3 heatmaps. To get started, refer to the heatmap example here. 1.Plot the glucose readings against the time of the day (Hint: Use the glucose readings as a “z” parameter in the given example) 2.Now use the file day_heatmap.json (in the folder Q4) to plot the glucose readings against the day of the week on the heatmap. Use the day names instead of numbers as the tick labels on the axis, e.g., day 1 being Monday. 3.A pattern should emerge from the visualizations. Explain the pattern and why it occurs, using no more than 40 words in explanation.txt. Please note that there will be two heat maps, one for part i and the other for part ii. Place them one after the other on an html page (the one for part i goes first). Q5. Sankey Chart Formula One racing is a championship sport in which race drivers represent teams to compete for points over several races (also called Grand Prix) in a season. The team with the most points at the end of a season wins the prestigious Formula One World Constructors’ Championship award. You will visualize the flow of points for the races held in this season up to September 2016. The drivers win points according to their final standing in each race, which finally get added to their respective team’s total. Create a Sankey Chart using the datasets provided (races.csv and teams.csv) in the Q5 folder. The chart should visualize the flow of points in the order: race → driver → team You may refer to this example to create the chart (sankey.js is provided in the lib folder). You can keep the blocks’ vertical positions static. Your chart should look like the example Sankey Chart for the 2015 season as shown in Figure 5. Hint : For this part, you will have to read in the csv files and combine the data into a format that can be passed to the sankey library. To accomplish this, you may find the following javascript functions useful: d3.nest(), array.filter(), array.map() Use the d3tip library to add tooltips as shown in Figure 5 (you can make your own visual style choices using css properties). From the visualization you have created, determine the following: 1.Which team has the best current standing? 2.Which driver has the most points currently? 3.Which driver won the Monaco Grand Prix? 4.Which two drivers switched their teams midseason? Put your answers in observations.txt. Q6. Interactive visualization Mr. Fluke runs a small company named FooBar. His company manufactures eight products around the year. He wants you to create an interactive visualization report using D3 so that he can see the total revenue generated per product type and the revenue breakdown across product types for the four quarters in 2015. Use the dataset provided in the Q6 folder. Integrate the dataset provided in dataset.txt directly in an array variable in the script. 1.Create a horizontal bar chart with its vertical axis denoting the product names and its horizontal axis denoting the total revenue. Each bar should have the total revenue amount in dollars labelled inside it. See Figure 6 for an example. 2.Create a legend with three columns. Column 1: quarter labels: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 Column 2: initialized with each quarter’s total revenue (e.g., Q1’s value is initialized as the sum of all products’ revenues in Q1) Column 3: presents the percentage share of each value in Column 2 3.While hovering over any bar, the second and third columns in the legend should update to 8 show the revenue generated (in value and percentage share, respectively) for each quarter of the selected product. For example, when hovering over Product C’s bar, the second and third columns in the legend should update to show Product C’s revenues in the four quarters and those revenues’ percentage shares. See Figure 6 for an example. Note: 1.The vertical axis of the chart should use product names as labels. 2.On hovering over any horizontal bar, the color of the bar should change. You can use any color that is visually distinct from the regular bars. 3.The legend should reset to the initial values on mouseout (i.e., when the mouse leaves a bar). Q7. Visualizing college scorecard data This is a freeform question. We want you to apply the D3 knowledge that you have gained to assist decision making for a realworld problem: help students make college decisions. Using D3, construct a visualization using the college scorecard dataset (located in the Q7 folder) which contains statistics about colleges (e.g., affordability, value). Create one large visualization or multiple small ones using the entire dataset or a subset of it. If you want, you may also use the Bootstrap library, which is a popular framework used in frontend development, to organize your dashboard we recommend Bootstrap because many student teams in previous semesters had good experiences using it for their projects. Place the Bootstrap library files in the lib/bootstrap folder. The visualization does not need to support any interactions. 1.Points will be awarded for usability, functionality, and creativity. 2.Summarize your main ideas behind the visualization in explanation.txt in no more than 50 words. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询51Due哦。 英国code范文代写:“出租车公司运营模拟器”,这篇论文主要介绍了用C++编写出租车公司运营方式的方法和过程,文章所涉及的算法采用经典的Dijktra’s algorithm,可模拟出租车随着时间推移的进展,因为他们会开车绕过城市,并接送和放下每个顾客。
Overview For this assignment, you will create a simulation of a taxi company operating in a small town. You will use a graph to represent a map of the town. Each intersection will be given a unique number. Clients will call the dispatch centre and ask for a taxi to pick them up at a particular location and take them to a requested destination. The dispatcher must decide which taxi to assign to each incoming request. It will also determine the route the taxi would take, being as efficient as possible. The program will simulate the progress of the taxis over time as they drive around town, picking up passengers and dropping them off. This is a discrete time simulation, meaning that events will be simulated by sequentially advancing time a set amount (a “time step”) and updating the progress of all the “actors” in the system for that time step. In this case, the “actors” are the taxis and the update involves moving them around the map an appropriate amount. Note, taxis are only moved when they are on a call. Otherwise, they remain at the same intersection until they are dispatched. Various events can occur during the simulation, and these can be divided into two categories, internal and external, as summarized below. Study the output files from the sample run to make sure you are clear on what should be displayed with each event. You will be marked largely based on this output. External Events call A person calls the taxi company and requests a pickup for a certain location. When this event happens, the dispatcher must: a) decide which available taxi (one that is not currently on a call) is closest to the client b) assign that taxi to the client c) calculate the most efficient route to reach the client (this can be done by the taxi or the dispatcher) d) print out which taxi is being dispatched, the customers starting location and destination and the route the taxi will take to get to the passenger. Format: c <start location> <destination> e.g. c 4 17 time step A time step is an increment of your simulation. You should move every taxi that is on a call along its route. I’ve made a couple of simplifications here. The time step will always be 1. The edge weights will represent the number of time steps required to transverse the corresponding edge. Edge weights will be integers greater than or equal to 1. So for example, if an edge has weight 4 it will take four time steps for a taxi to drive across the edge. Format: t <amount of time> e.g. t 1 map The map event specifies the road map (i.e. graph) that represents the possible routes for the taxis. Format: m <# of vertices> <v_startOfEdge> <v_endOfEdge> <edge weight> (the last three entries can be repeated for each edge) e.g. m 35 0 1 5 1 0 5 1 2 2 2 1 5 Note that the map is directed. This is a partial specification. It says there are 35 vertices (numbered 0 to 34), and specifies the following edges: (0,1), weight 5; (1,0), weight 5; (1,2) weight 2; (2,1) weight 5. reset Sets the location of each taxi to a specified vertex and sets the taxis status to available. There are five taxis in the simulation, R, B, G, Y, P (the letters stand for Red, Blue, Green, Yellow and Pink) Format: r <taxi name> <vertex> <taxi name> <vertex> ... e.g. r R 1 B 3 Internal Events Internal events reflect something occurring within the simulation that is not triggered by an external call. taxi arrives at client’s start location Once dispatched, the taxi must travel to the location of the client. When the taxi arrives, it must do the following: a) plan a route to the passenger’s requested destination. b) print out a message indicating that the passenger has been picked up and the taxi name. Print out the route the taxi will take to drop off the passenger. taxi arrives at passenger’s destination Once the taxi arrives at the destination of the passenger, it must do the following: a) Print out a message indicating the taxi’s name and that it has reached the destination. b) Make itself available to pick up other passengers. Simulation Run All the external events are specified in a data file “test.dat”. You will be provided with code that reads this file and triggers the associated events. You will need to implement the code that handles the events. Look through the sample file and associated output to see how the process works. We will use a different “event file” when testing your code, but it will be similar in nature. Assumptions, Directions and Hints 1.You can assume that the input data for external events is correct. 2.You can assume that there will always be a taxi available when a customer calls. 3.Use Dijktra’s algorithm to calculate the routes and distances. You may find that you don’t need to call it every time you need to check a distance, but be sure that you are using data that is current for the given check 4.You can use the following line as part of code that will go from a taxi index to a taxi name: string taxiNames[]={"RED","BLUE","GREEN","YELLOW","PINK"}; 5.You should use an adjacency list to represent your graph. 6.The included header files are a big hint (see below). Sample code In the CSIF Linux directory you are given code for TaxiMain.cpp, Dispatcher.h, Taxi.h and Graph.h The file TaxiMain.cpp contains the driver that runs the simulation. For every event, it makes a call to the Dispatcher which implements the associated functionality. Graph implements the graph ADT that you will use to represent your map. Taxi contains methods used to track and update each taxi. TaxiMain.cpp is the file we will use when testing your code. You must NOT change this file. You must implement the functions in the CDispatcher class which are called in TaxiMain.cpp. You can change the other header files as needed. They are from my solution. They give you a lot of hints as to how you could solve this problem. There are other solutions, though, so you are free to make adjustments as you like. Aim for a clean, efficient solution. Be sure to comment your code. You can make use of the STL to make your job easier. “string” and associated stream classes are quite useful. I also made use of the list class. You should write your own CGraph class. The following example shows how I pulled the data I needed out of the parameter string: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 // "teleport" the taxis to given locations and set their status to be available void CDispatcher::SetTaxiLocations(string buf) { istringstream tBuf(buf); // dump command from buffer char command, taxi; tBuf>>command; int location; // position all the taxis while(!tBuf.eof()) { tBuf>>taxi; tBuf>>location; int index; switch (taxi) { case 'R': index = RED; break; case 'G': index = GREEN; break; case 'B': index = BLUE; break; case 'Y': index = YELLOW; break; case 'P': index = PINK; break; default: assert(false); } m_taxis[index].SetLocation(location); } } There are two additional files: 1.test.dat : This file contains test events to exercise your code. Feel free to modify it as you like to test your own code. 2.output.txt : This file contains the results of running the code on test.dat. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国代写code范文精选:“Minimax井字游戏”,这篇论文主要介绍了Minimax算法的概念及用法,并用Minimax算法编写了Tic-Tac-Toe的AI部分。根据Minimax树层数的不同,作者将游戏分为了三个不同的难度。
Requirement In this programming assignment, you are asked to implement programs to play a two-player game similar to tic-tac-toe: two players, X and O, take turns marking the spaces in a 4×4 grid. The player who succeeds in placing 3 of their marks consecutively in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game. You may form a team of up to three people. The team can be different from that for the HW#2. One solution is submitted by each team electronically in Blackboard. You may use any programming language in your implementation. Part I. Beginner Implement a simple player, called Beginner, who places marks sequentially in a blank square in increasing order of row number and then column number, i.e., (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,2), …, unless it or the opponent wins the game immediately. Its algorithm is as follows: 1 2 3 4 5 6 function Beginner-Decision (state) returns an action if the player has an open 2-in-a-row return marking the position to get a 3-in-a-row // "Win" if the opponent has an open 2-in-a-row return marking a position next to the 3-in-a-row to block the opponent return marking sequentially a blank square in increasing order of row number and then column number. “open 2-in-a-row” means that there is a blank space at one end of the 2-in-a-row, making it possible to become a 3-in-a-row. Submission a) A brief description of your implementation. b) Step-by-step of one game played between you (human) and the player Beginner. Beginner plays first. c) Your code with appropriate comments. Part II. Advanced Implement a minimax player, called Advanced, who runs the minimax algorithm on a 2-ply game tree, i.e., looking ahead 2 moves (one move by the player and one move by the opponent). The heuristic evaluation function for cutoff nodes is h(n) = [# of open 2-in-a-row for me] - [# of open 2-in-a-row for opponent]. For example, for player ‘x’, the value of the following state is h = (2-1) = 1 When h values are the same, the search breaks tie randomly. Submission a) A brief description of your algorithm and implementation. b) Step-by-step of one game played between Beginner and Advanced. Beginner plays first. For every step played by Advanced, print the # of expanded nodes and the CPU execution time in milliseconds. c) Same as (b) except Advanced plays first. Part III. Master Implement a player, called Master, who runs the minimax algorithm on a 4-ply game tree, i.e., looking ahead 4 moves (2 moves by the player and 2 moves by the opponent). The heuristic evaluation function for cutoff nodes is the same as in part II. Submission a) Step-by-step of one game played between Advanced and Master. Advanced plays first. For every step played by Advanced and Master, show the # of expanded nodes and the CPU execution time in milliseconds. b) Same as (b) except Master plays first. c) Your code with appropriate comments. Your submission should be a single pdf file with file name containing your name and assignment number. For example, firstnameInitial_lastname_hw4.pdf for HW4. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国代写code范文精选:“JavaScript小型应用程序”,这篇论文为JavaScript小型应用程序的编写过程。文章指出,本应用程序可用任意的JavaScript框架编写,再用AJAX调用所给的API获得数据并展示,其中的UI可以随便设计,只需符合MVC模式即可。
To create a small JavaScript application around an API. You can access the test API at “https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/photos“. Requirements 1.Use AJAX to call the API and retrieve the data needed. 2.Build it as a JavaScript single page app. Use a popular JavaScript framework (AngularJS, React or Ember) so we can see how you work with established design patterns. 3.On the main page, display the first 25 thumbnail images in a 5x5 grid. 4.When a user clicks on a thumbnail, pop up a modal that displays the full image (using url) and the title. In the modal, also allow the user to add a description (feel free to design the UX for this in whatever way you deem best). Whenever a description is added, persist it so that on refresh the description is still there (localStorage is fine). 5.Design of the application is completely up to you. Feel free to use a CSS framework like Bootstrap. This test is more to get a feel for your JavaScript knowledge than it is for your design skills. 6.The application should work on all modern browsers, 2 versions back. IE11 is the furthest IE you have to go back. 7.When we pull down the code, we should be able to get a local environment running just by using npm install && npm start (either use npm or have the command call another task runner such as gulp or grunt). Deliverables 1.Provide a .zip, .tar or .tar.gz of your prebuilt code. Structure is up to you. 2.Make sure to include package.json. Use engines so we know what version node to use. Bonus points 1.Don’t use jQuery 2.Use ES2015 (include Babel) 3.Make it responsive 4.Add tests Bonus items are absolutely not required. Plan on discussing your project with us, so we want you to do and use what you are most comfortable doing/using. FAQ Q. Can I use any additional frameworks, libraries, etc? A. Sure, as long as you can explain the reasoning behind why you chose what you chose. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询51Due哦。 英国代写语言学论文精选:“ICT对发展中国家的影响”,这篇论文主要讲述了ICT(Information & Communication Technology,即信息与通信技术)对于发展中国家的影响。文章指出,信息技术的发展改变了世界贸易的性质,同时也改变了世界各地竞争的性质。
INTRODUCTION The development of information technology changed the nature of world trade, its explosion, particularly telecommunications and more recently electronic commerce, has changed the nature of competition around the world. Nowadays, technological advancement not only connects the world at lightning speed but also aids in the increased quality of products, information gathering, and R&D (Doh 2009). Without technology, people are expected to hardly survive, the internet has been recently considered as ‘a must’ to live and survive, important and necessary just as food and water. Fifty years ago, internet was like a dream, inaccessible and even if considered maybe realizable, its use used to be considered as limited. Few people could have imagined its real impact on the world. It has transformed the world to flat (Friedman, 2005). The fact of the matter is that over the long term, the countries that implement globalization will prosper and the countries that do not will get left behind. To be part of globalization, Information communication technology (ICT) is a necessity, it is the technology required for information processing, i.e. for the creation, manipulation, storage, retrieval and communication of information. It has an immense value in a world in which there is an “information explosion”, and where knowledge is complex, ever-changing and cross-disciplinary in nature. (Kotabe, 2010) The macroeconomic effects of ICT, in particular on productivity and growth rates, have generated much debate in economics over the past decade, economists say on the basis of findings made in the U.S. and some OECD countries (Australia, New Zealand, Canada), that ICT plays a major role in accelerating the economic growth (Boudson, 2002; Jorgensen and Stiroh, 2001; Jorgensen, 2001; Colecchia and Schyerer, 2001, Gordon, 2002; Petit, 2003 etc..). Others affirm that it is the first and main source of growth in U.S. productivity in the 1990s (Jorgenson 2001, Oliner and Sichel 2000) which may make some developing countries think that the major way to catch up, in an accelerated pace, the industrialized countries is a widespread adoption of the Information and Communications Technologies (ICT). They would change their pace of economic growth and permit a better integration in the international division of labor. Indeed, the emergence of new technologies may allow the opening of “windows” of re-specialization for developing countries. New opportunities can be seized as evidenced by the breakthrough of China’s computer industry and the software industry in India. Thus, some countries have undertaken significant reforms to facilitate the diffusion of ICT in their economies and accelerate their national performances. Multilateral institutions responsible for development seem to strongly support these policies. (Doh, 2009) The emergence of ICT in the developing countries offers businesses a wide range of technologies, enabling better use of information and explicit knowledge, offering opportunities to reduce transaction costs and coordination opportunities in regard of exploitation of new markets and opportunities for enrichment content products and services. However, from an international perspective, the question of differences across countries arises: if ICTs constitute an important driver of output and productivity growth, why has an extended growth been observed in some countries – in particular the United States – and not in others? It seems necessary to verify and analyze the trustiness and the effectiveness of these policies as the gains in productivity and growth achieved in some countries like the USA and OECD countries may not be generalizable to developing and emerging countries. (Gordon, 2002) Nevertheless, some economists consider India one of the countries that have been positively influenced by the ICT effects; it has been the beneficiary of significant foreign investment in Information Technology which made it able to easily adopt these technologies and has been described as the follower of China’s footsteps in income and wealth. The software industry in India was almost inexistent in the early 1980s and it employs now more than 250.000 employees participating then in the growth of revenues and employment (Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella, 2005). Evidence from India as well suggests that internet kiosks that provide wholesale price information and alternative market channels to soybean farmers has led to an increase in the monthly market price by 1-5 percent. Moreover, the area under soybean production has also increased significantly (Goyal 2008). However, in long term view, India is maybe facing challenges greater than the country’s capacity to respond to them (Hamm, 2007). This incapacity may be due to the lack of education within the companies, bureaucracy, physical infrastructure problems and the cultural and social norms. High-quality information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure is essential for developing countries to achieve rapid economic growth and maintain it, international institutions have always tried to convince developed countries to go into a deregulation and invest in ICT to accelerate the economic growth and tend to forget that there are too many other factors that must be considered such as the economic factors, human capital, geography, and civil infrastructure factors (Ojelanki Ngwenyama; Olga Morawczynski, 2009). Yet, large inequalities remain in ICT access. Some commentators hold much more skeptical views of the benefits of ICT for development. They argue that access to ICT depends directly on education, income, and wealth and the so called digital divide is only a part of a much broader development divide. Limited education, inappropriate language skills, or lack of resources could prevent developing countries from accessing ICT, ultimately exacerbating information gaps and increasing income inequality between and within countries (Von Braun, 2005). We can’t argue about the fact that modern technologies are more highly used in the developed countries; the information revolution started in todays developed countries so it makes sense if they overpass developing countries in term of innovation (Rodriguez and Wilson, 2000). But during the phase of global diffusion, corresponding to the end of last century, extremely decisive, “the thesis of the new economy foreshadowed, not only concerning new growth trends in developed countries, but also expectations of a rapid catch-up by developing countries ” (Boyer, 2002 ). With the access to ICTs being more and more facilitated for some countries. The rapid development and diffusion of the information and communications technology (ICT) is the major driving force of the New Economy, the transition from an industrial/manufacturing-based economy. But we can notice that even in developing countries, the impacts of ICT can’t be always generalized as ICT access depend on the development of the country, Tunisia and India, for example, are both qualified as being part of developing countries but due to the differences in the size, infrastructure, culture, the political support and other factors, the impacts of ICT on them can be different. In this paper, we will take the example of Tunisia, a developing country that I am from, starting with a study of the impact of ICT on developing countries in general and on Tunisia specifically showing the relationship between growth, productivity and ICT. LITERATURE REVIEW The complexity and diversity of the impacts of ICT are important reasons for the interest accorded to the phenomenon of ICT. However, these characteristics also may explain why the extent of the impact of ICT is not a simple task. Another major argument explaining the reason making the impacts of ICT difficult to measure is that any impact of one factor over another is difficult to identify as a positive correlation is not easily attributable to the relation cause/effect. (Von Braun, 2005) The development of a new generation of information technology and communication (ICT) in the early 1990s has been associated with various assumptions such as the emergence of a new economy: the digital economy that can’t be measured only by the weight of the ICT sector but also by the impact of ICT on overall economic activity. During the decisive phase of global diffusion, corresponding to the end of last century, “the thesis of the new economy foreshadowed, not only new growth trends in industrialized countries, but also expectations of rapid catch-up by developing countries” (Boyer, 2002, p234) In fact, ICT are indeed generic technologies, which means that they are used by all other activities; the role of supporting economic growth played by ICT is a necessary condition, but they are not enough. (stewards, 2002; Pohjola, 2002) On the one hand, more recent theoretical and empirical studies in the literature discussed the positive impacts of ICT and mainly IT on productivity (Hitt and Brynjolfsson, 1996); Brynjolfsson and Yang, 1996), growth and development (Jorgenson and Stiroh, 1995; Mansell and When, 1998; Pohjola, 2000; and Pohjola, 2001), work place organization (Bresnahan, Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 1999), human capital development and skill upgrading Acemoglu, 1998; and Hwang, 2000). On the other hand, some recent studies in the literature show the potential negative impacts of ICT on some dimensions of economic development. The majority of the recent studies that focused on this side were mainly related to the debate that technical change is creative destruction, although it has some positive impacts to enhance economic development. However, on the other hand, it has also some negative impacts on some dimensions of economic development. For instance, some studies, discuss the negative impacts of ICT on employment and the labor market (. Aghion and Howitt, 1998; Freeman and Soete, 1985; Freeman and Soete, 1994; and Freeman and Soete, 1997). Part of this literatures states that ICT or IT is similar to various kinds of technical change in imposing the so called labour saving or skilled biased effect, through the displacement of some unskilled labour due to either reduction or elimination of some unskilled jobs. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国代写语言学论文精选:“Rural Marketing in India”,这篇论文主要讲述了印度农村营销的概念和成效。文章指出,虽然农村营销是市场营销领域中的一个新概念和意识形态,但它却给人们留下了很深的印象,所以,如果我们不对农村地区及其发展给予适当的重视,就不可能确保国家经济整体的增长。
The concept of Rural Marketing in Indian economy has always played an influential role in the lives of rural population of India. In India, except few metropolitan cities, almost all the districts and industrial townships are well connected with rural markets. Though rural marketing is a new concept and ideology in the arena of marketing, it has left a strong feeling among the people that without giving appropriate weight to rural areas and its development, it could never be possible to ensure the overall growth and well being of the country. Since past few years considerable developments are taking place to reconstruct the rural part of India. Many corporate houses have entered into the field of rural marketing to contribute in rural development of the country. Godrej, Birla, ITC, Reliance and many others has established rural retail hubs as a result of that economic status has been significantly improved. Farmers are getting access to market to sell their product as well as keeping themselves updated and informed regarding the going on trends of market. * Assist. Professor, Rajarshi School of Management & Technology, U.P. College, Varanasi The rural market in India is not a separate entity in itself and it is highly influenced by the sociological and behavioral factors operating in the country. The rural population in India accounts for around 627 million, which is exactly 74.3 percent of the total population. The concept of rural marketing in India is often been found to form ambiguity in the minds of people who think rural marketing is all about agricultural marketing. However, rural marketing determines the carrying out of business activities bringing in the flow of goods from urban sectors to the rural regions of the country as well as the marketing of various products manufactured by the non-agricultural workers from rural to urban areas. To be precise, Rural Marketing in India Economy covers two broad sections, namely: Selling of agricultural items in the urban areas Selling of manufactured products in the rural regions Some of the important features or characteristics of Rural Marketing in India Economy are being listed below: With the initiation of various rural development programmes there have been an upsurge of employment opportunities for the rural poor. One of the biggest cause behind the steady growth of rural market is that it is not exploited and also yet to be explored. The rural market in India is vast and scattered and offers a plethora of opportunities in comparison to the urban sector. It covers the maximum population and regions and thereby, the maximum number of consumers. The social status of the rural regions is precarious as the income level and literacy is extremely low along with the range of traditional values and superstitious beliefs that have always been a major impediment in the progression of this sector. The steps taken by the Government of India to initiate proper irrigation, infrastructural developments, prevention of flood, grants for fertilizers, and various schemes to cut down the poverty line have improved the condition of the rural masses. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recently talked about his vision for rural India: ‘My vision of rural India is of a modern agrarian, industrial and services economy co-existing side by side, where people can live in well-equipped villages and commute easily to work, be it on the farm or in the non-farm economy. There is much that modern science and technology can do to realise this vision. Rural incomes have to be increased. Rural infrastructure has to be improved. Rural health and education needs have to be met. Employment opportunities have to be created in rural areas.’ ‘Go rural’ is the slogan of marketing gurus after analyzing the socio-economic changes in villages. The Rural population is nearly three times the urban, so that Rural consumers have become the prime target market for consumer durable and non-durable products, food, construction, electrical, electronics, automobiles, banks, insurance companies and other sectors besides hundred percent of agri-input products such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farm machinery. The Indian rural market today accounts for only about Rs 8 billion of the total ad pie of Rs 120 billion, thus claiming 6.6 per cent of the total share. So clearly there seems to be a long way ahead. Although a lot is spoken about the immense potential of the unexplored rural market, advertisers and companies find it easier to vie for a share of the already divided urban pie. The success of a brand in the Indian rural market is as unpredictable as rain. It has always been difficult to gauge the rural market. Many brands, which should have been successful, have failed miserably. More often than not, people attribute rural market success to luck. Therefore, marketers need to understand the social dynamics and attitude variations within each village though nationally it follows a consistent pattern looking at the challenges and the opportunities which rural markets offer to the marketers it can be said that the future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets and exploit them to their best advantage. A radical change in attitudes of marketers towards the vibrant and burgeoning rural markets is called for, so they can successfully impress on the 230 million rural consumers spread over approximately six hundred thousand villages in rural India. What rural market buys? Rural India buys small packs, as they are perceived as value for money. There is brand stickiness, where a consumer buys a brand out of habit and not really by choice. Brands rarely fight for market share; they just have to be visible in the right place. Even expensive brands, such as Close-Up, Marie biscuits and Clinic shampoo are doing well because of deep distribution, many brands are doing well without much advertising support – Ghadi, a big detergent brand in North India, is an example. Why Rural Market? The Indian rural market has a huge demand base and offers great opportunities to marketers. Two-thirds of Indian consumers live in rural areas and almost half of the national income is generated here. The reasons for heading into the rural areas are fairly clear. The urban consumer durable market for products like colour TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners is growing annually at between 7 per cent and 10 per cent. The rural market is zooming ahead at around 25 per cent annually. ‘The rural market is growing faster than urban India now,’ says Venugopal Dhoot, chairman of the Rs 989 -crore(Rs billion) Videocon Appliances. ‘The urban market is a replacement and up gradation market today,’ adds Samsung’s director, marketing, Ravinder Zutshi. Reasons for improvement of business in rural area *Socio-economic changes (lifestyle, habits and tastes, economic status) *Literacy level (25% before independence – more than 65% in 2001) *Infrastructure facilities (roads, electricity, Media) *Increase in income *Increase in expectations MART, the specialist rural marketing and rural development consultancy has found that 53 per cent of FMCG sales lie in the rural areas, as do 59 per cent of consumer durable sales, said its head Pradeep Kashyap at the seminar. Of two million BSNL mobile connections, 50 per cent went to small towns and villages, of 20 million Rediffmail subscriptions, 60 per cent came from small towns, so did half the transactions on Rediff’s shopping site. Special features of rural market Unlike urban markets, rural markets are difficult to predict and possess special characteristics. The featured population is predominantly illiterate, have low income, characterized by irregular income, lack of monthly income and flow of income fluctuating with the monsoon winds. Rural markets face the critical issues of Distribution, Understanding the rural consumer, Communication and Poor infrastructure. The marketer has to strengthen the distribution and pricing strategies. The rural consumer expects value for money and owing to has unsteady and meager status of weekly income; increasing the household income and improving distribution are the viable strategies that have to be adapted to tap the immense potential of the market. Media reach is a strong reason for the penetration of goods like cosmetics, mobile phones, etc., which are only used by the urban people. Increasing awareness and knowledge on different products and brands accelerate the demand. The rural audience are however critical of glamorous ads on TV, and depend on the opinion leaders who introduce the product by using it and recommending it. Opinion leaders play a key role in popularizing products and influence in rural market. Nowadays educated youth of rural also influences the rural consumers. Rural consumers are influenced by the life style they watch on television sets. Their less exposure to outside world makes them innocent and fascinated to novelties. The reach of mass television media, especially television has influenced the buying behaviour greatly. Creating brands for rural India Rural markets are delicately powerful. Certain adaptations are required to cater to the rural masses; they have unique expectation and warrant changes in all four parameters of product, price, promotion and distribution. A lot is already emphasized on adapting the product and price in terms of packaging, flavouring, etc and in sachets, priced to suit the economic status of the rural India in sizes like Rs.5 packs and Re.1 packs that are perceived to be of value for money. This is a typical penetration strategy, that promises to convert the first time customers to repeated customers. The promotion strategies and distribution strategies are of paramount importance. Ad makers have learnt to leverage the benefits of improved infrastructure and media reach. The television airs advertisements to lure rural masses, and they are sure it reaches the target audience, because majority of rural India possesses and is glued to TV sets! Distributing small and medium sized packets thro poor roads, over long distances, into deep pockets of rural India and getting the stockiest to trust the mobility is a Herculean task. Giving the confidence those advertisements will support. Sales force is being trained to win the confidence of opinion leaders. Opinion leaders play an important role in popularizing the brand. They sometimes play the role of entry barriers for new products. The method of promotion needs to be tailored to suit the expectations of the market. Techniques that have proved to be successful are Van campaigns, edutainment films, generating word of mouth publicity through opinion leaders, colourful wall paintings. The Wide reach of television has exposed the other wise conservative audience to westernization. Panchayat televisions in Tamilnadu carries message that are well received and contribute to community development. Dynamics of rural markets differ from other market types, and similarly rural marketing strategies are also significantly different from the marketing strategies aimed at an urban or industrial consumer. This, along with several other related issues, have been subject matter of intense discussions and debate in countries like India and China and focus of even international symposia organized in these countries. Rural markets and rural marketing involve a number of strategies, which include: * Client and location specific promotion *Joint or cooperative promotion *Bundling of inputs *Partnership for sustainability Client and Location specific promotion involves a strategy designed to be suitable to the location and the client. Joint or co-operative promotion strategy involves participation between the marketing agencies and the client. ‘Bundling of inputs’ denote a marketing strategy, in which several related items are sold to the target client, including arrangements of credit, after-sale service, and so on. Media, both traditional as well as the modern media, is used as a marketing strategy to attract rural customers. Partnership for sustainability involves laying and building a foundation for continuous and long lasting relationship. Innovative media can be used to reach the rural customers. Radio and television are the conventional media that are reaching the rural audience effectively. But horse cart, bullock cart and wall writing are the other media, which can carry the message effectively to the rural customers. Rural marketing is an evolving concept, and as a part of any economy has untapped potential; marketers have realized the opportunity recently. Improvement in infrastructure and reach, promise a bright future for those intending to go rural. Rural consumers are keen on branded goods nowadays, so the market size for products and services seems to have burgeoned. The rural population has shown a trend of wanting to move into a state of gradual urbanization in terms of exposure, habits, lifestyles and lastly, consumption patterns of goods and services. There are dangers on concentrating more on the rural customers. Reducing the product features in order to lower prices is a dangerous game to play. Rural Market: Areas with high level of expectation The Indian growth story is now spreading itself to India’s hinterlands. Rural India, which accounts for more than 70 per cent of the country’s one billion population (according to the Census of India 2001), is not just witnessing an increase in its income but also in consumption and production. The Union Budget for 2009-10 hiked the allocation for the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) to US$ 8.03 billion, giving a boost to the rural economy. This is in addition to the ambitious Bharat Nirman Programme with an outlay of US$ 34.84 billion for improving rural infrastructure. According to a study on the impact of the slowdown on rural markets commissioned by RMAI and conducted by MART, the rural economy has not been impacted by the global economic slowdown, according to a study by the Rural Marketing Association of India (RMAI). The study found that the rural and small town economy which accounts for 60 per cent of India’s income has remained insulated from the economic slowdown. Moreover, rural incomes are on the rise driven largely due to continuous growth in agriculture for four consecutive years. Moreover, the rural consumer market, which grew 25 per cent in 2008 when demand in urban areas slowed due to the global recession, is expected to reach US$ 425 billion in 2010-11 with 720-790 million customers, according to a white paper prepared by CII-Technopak. That will be double the 2004-05 market size of US$ 220 billion. According to the study, while the durables market shrunk in urban India, the rural market is seeing a 15 per cent growth rate. Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sales are up 23 per cent and telecom is growing at 13 per cent. FMCG According to figures released by market researcher AC Nielsen, demand for personal care products grew faster in rural areas than urban areas during the period April-September 2009. Several FMCG companies such as Godrej Consumer Products, Dabur, Marico and Hindustan Unilever (HUL) have increased their hiring in rural India and small towns in order to establish a local connect and increase visibility. GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare (GSK) and Nestle and are now launching products specifically for rural markets. Anand Ramanathan, an analyst from KPMG, said, ‘Till recently, most FMCG companies used to treat rural markets as adjuncts to their urban strongholds and rural consumers as a homogeneous mass without segmenting them into target markets and positioning brands appropriately.’ Retail The rural retail market is currently estimated at US$ 112 billion, or around 40 per cent of the US$ 280 billion Indian retail market, according to a study paper, ‘The Rise of Rural India’, by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM). Major domestic retailers like AV Birla, ITC, Godrej, Reliance and many others have already set up farm linkages. Hariyali Kisan Bazaars (DCM) and Aadhars (Pantaloon-Godrej JV), Choupal Sagars (ITC), Kisan Sansars (Tata),Reliance Fresh, Project Shakti (Hindustan Unilever) and Naya Yug Bazaar are established rural retail hubs. Pharmaceuticals /Healthcare According to a report by McKinsey, the rural and tier-II pharmaceuticals market will account for almost half of the growth till 2015. The tier-II market will grow to 44 per cent by 2015, amounting to US$ 8.8 billion. The health ministry is setting up a mechanism to screen people in rural areas for lifestyle diseases such as diabetes. Union Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad said that in the case of diabetes, the government was working out a strategy to diagnose those in the age group 30-40 years in rural areas, for diseases. The multinational drug company, Sanofi-Aventis, has launched ‘Prayas’, a marketing initiative to market generics in rural areas and small towns. Through this initiative, the company looks to share medical knowledge with a body of practitioners and specialists in rural areas through workshops. Telecommunication A joint Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and Ernst & Young report reveals that of the next 250 million Indian wireless users, approximately 100 million (40 per cent) are likely to be from rural areas, and by 2012, rural users will account for over 60 per cent of the total telecom subscriber base in India. In a bid to acquire rural subscribers, most Indian telecom operators have started investing in infrastructure to roll out their services in these areas. Realising this as a huge potential, small Indian handset manufacturing companies, including Micromax, Intex Technologies and Karbonn, have lined up a marketing spend of around US$ 21.02 million for the financial year 2009-10. Infrastructure The World Bank has said that all-weather roads in villages in India have served to double the income of rural households, lift the literacy rate and increase land prices. Meanwhile, the Orissa government had decided to undertake an initiative to improve roadways in rural areas and upgrade 10,000 km of roads in rural areas. The decision was taken at a high level meeting chaired by Mr. Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister of Orissa in December 2009. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has sanctioned an amount of US$ 34.4 million to the government of West Bengal under the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) XV. NABARD has also sanctioned a US$ 26.29 million loan to Karnataka for the construction of infrastructure projects, such as secondary schools, rural godowns, jetties, minor irrigation structures, roads and bridges, in rural areas. Automobiles Mahindra and Mahindra Group (M&M) arm, Mahindra First Choice, has announced that it is to set up sales and service outlets in rural areas with the target of setting up 100,000 vehicles by 2015, according to M&M President Rajeev Dubey. Meanwhile, motorcycle manufacturer TVS Motor Co. Ltd has said that it is depending on a far-reaching penetration of the rural market and the launch of new brands to boost the company’s growth in 2010. Services Sector According to a report based on the 63rd round of survey by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), 60 per cent of the services sector enterprises in the country are located in rural areas. Of the 16.5 million services sector enterprises in India in 2006-07, 85 per cent were own account enterprises (OAEs) while the remaining 15 per cent were establishments. Seventy six per cent of the workers employed in these enterprises were employed in the rural areas of the country. Road ahead According to international consultancy firm Celent, rural markets in India will grow to a potential of US$ 1.9 billion by 2015 from the current US$ 487 million. Rural markets are growing at double the pace of urban markets and for many product categories, rural markets account for well over 60 per cent of the national demand. The success of the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), which has so far trained 100,000 rural youth, has led the rural development ministry to request an increase in budgetary allocation for the project. Rita Sharma, Secretary in the Rural Development Ministry, has said that they had sought US$ 2.29 billion from the Finance Ministry. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国语言学论文代写精选:“全球化对世界经济的作用”,这篇论文主要介绍了全球化的相关概念以及其对世界经济的重要作用。文章指出,经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)将全球化定义为“工业和服务活动的地理分散性”, 例如,公司与公司之间通过合资企业的跨境网络来共享资产。
Introduction The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defined globalisation as,’The geographical dispersion of industrial and service activities’ for example, research and development, sourcing of inputs, production and distribution and the cross border networking of companies through joint ventures and the sharing of assets. According to Bhagwati and Jagdish (2004)economic globalization is the integration of national economies into the international economy throughtrade, for examples such as foreign direct investment, migration, and the technology transfer from one country to another. Despite, globalization recognised as combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, and biological factors (Sheila, 2004). The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, orpopular culturethroughacculturation. Economic activity is becoming organised on a global scale giving a new international division of labour, with production, investment patternsand movements and technology transfers all becoming global. In thisstrategy, activities are established in many sites spread over theworld, based on a country’s comparative advantage. Factors that have led to the process of increased globalisation The rapid effects of globalisation can be linked to the growth of multi-national firms, since products and services have been increasingly internationalised, seen in the development of globalised supply chains. In addition to this, the deregulation of capital markets also makes it easier to achieve acquisitions and mergers. This has resulted in the expansion of the trans-national activities of multi-national firms, and particularly in motor cars, oil, pharmaceuticals, airlines and financial services. There has been an accompanying integration and fusion of national markets, in part through free trade zones such as NAFTA and AFTA, and often reflected in the escalation of foreign direct investment, including in the less developed world. Reference should also be made to ‘cross-border connectivity’ in other words, the development of new information technologies, and the accompanying new ways of buying and selling goods and services. The process of globalisation is mainly motivated by the desire of corporations to increase profits and by governments’ intent upon tapping into the potential economic and social benefits that come from increased trade in goods, services and the free flow of financial capital. Among the factors, this essay has divided main drivers that accelerated the production and market globalization into two aspects which are static aspects and dynamic aspects. Static trade globalisation Technology Modern artefact and technological are a static aspects which accelerated global economies. In 1980s, the world communication has experienced a fundamental change in the perception of the world and one of the reaching transformations has been the economic structural changes on the global scale. The fundamental of these changes is seen to lie on the technological information revolution for example the intranet in US army base commercialise to market. The innovation of the new technologies has made many countries to grow and a good example in this case is e-marketing. The change in Technological have reducing the cost of transmitting information in other word new technologies presence death of distance. The internet has allowedinformation and communication technology to flourish for example E-business. Internet communications with branches, suppliers, plants, distributors andcustomers generally do not require a physical presence in another country, while much can be achieved through licensing and franchising. As a result administration costs have fallen as firms from different parts of the globe can trade efficiently and effectively. Trade Liberlisation Another influential factor is the desire to circumvent tariff and non-tariff barriers by regional trading blocs. For example, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which replaced the former GATT, was set up to help promote free trade by persuading countries to abolish tariffs and other barriers to open markets. The full benefits of trade liberalization are difficult to quantify. Studies evaluating the effects of trade liberalization under the Uruguay Round completed in 1994 estimate that the increase in annual global income could reach US$200 billion once the reduction in tariffs, export subsidies and quotas negotiated are fully implemented. A similarly positive outlook is provided by the Doha Round. With a 50 percent reduction in tariffs, the World Bank model suggests a real income gain for developing countries of US$ 83 billion or 1 percent, and an exports lift of 14.6 percent. High-income countries see a 0.3 percent real income gain of US$ 67 billion and a 2.8 percent increase in exports (Garrett and Goldin and Rodrik, 2003). Comparative Advantage Supporters of the WTO argued that there could be substantial economic welfare gains if there was integration of the world’s economy into a single international market. Based upon Ricardo’s Theory of Comparative Advantage, it was argued that free trade was likely to benefit countries. By allowing each country to specialise in full orpart production would be concentrated in locations which will enjoy the comparative advantage. It was further argued that specialisation in one type of export was likely to improve its quality and perhaps reduce production costs. For example, Belgian chocolates are exported worldwide. Their high quality is due to expert skills that their producers developed, a process known as learning by doing. Their average costs have also been lowered, by the use of specialised labour and capital; through specialised knowledge and research and development and also perhaps through economies of scale. Growth of Multi-National Enterprise (MNE) The growth of multi-national firms has contributed to the rapid increase in globalisation. Firstly, a multi-national firm can bedefined as a company that produces in more than one country. Inpractice, globalisation has involved MNEs because the scale of their investment is such that the sales of the largest MNEs exceed the entire GDP of many countries. Many MNEs have moved their production from the west to developing countries because they want to benefit from that country’s comparative advantage, usually access to much lower labour costs. Due to the low standard of living in many developing economies and lack of government legislation MNEs often locate in areas of high unemployment. Therefore they are likely to benefit from a continuous cheap supply of labour. In theory, this has led to the international division of labour. Deregulation National economies have become increasingly integrated, leading to a growth in the number of trading blocs and economic unions. The process has been facilitated by the increased mobility of both physical and financial capital, the latter reflecting the trend towards the abolition of capital controls, the deregulation of financial markets, and the opening up of capital markets in LDCs and in the former Soviet bloc. Dynamic trade of globalisation The European continent has seen a lot of dramatic changes over the past decades. Two world wars have been fought here and new countries have evolved every decade. With such a dynamic place as Europe one would think that trade would be a significantly contributing factor to the globalization of the continent. Taking this one step further it is most likely that other factors such as trade affinities are believed to facilitate trade flows between the trading parties which in turn have yielded a higher state of globalization. In order to be able to determine the effects that trade affinities have had on globalization through time one must first start by determining the meaning of the word ‘globalization’. Harris (1993) states in his article Globalization, trade, and income ‘To economists globalization is generally thought of as the increasing internationalization of the production, distribution, and marketing of goods and services.’ (Harris, 1993, p755). By taking this one step further one can look at globalization as the term use when define the process, or evolution, of the welfare around the world. Although, Harris argues that the definition of globalization alters between subjects but that its importance remains the same no matter the discussion. ‘However one defines globalization it is surely a development that is having a profound impact on the subject of economics as a whole and ought to have on the field of international economics in particular.’ (Harris, 1993, p. 756) To understand and describe globalization it is not enough to concentrate on the static aspect and the primary phenomena. Not less important for the globalization dynamic are the consequences and rebound effects. Improve poverty Poverty reduction has remained the central challenge to majority of the countries especially the developing countries. It is with the help of globalization that majority of the countries have been in a position to reduce their poverty levels. There is great evidence that with the introduction of globalization, it has been in a position to eradicate poverty levels and eventually accelerating growth in most of the countries. It is an important catalytic role in both accelerating growth and also at the same time reducing poverty levels. A good example in this case can be explained by analyzing the developing countries. The developing countries have been in a position to grow out of globalization especially in agriculture sector. This is because with globalization, it means that there is a common market for goods and services and at the same time there are no restrictions to trade. It means that the developing countries that are not in a position to compete with the already developed countries can now compete well with them since you find that with globalization, it means free trade that is a trade which is free from trade restriction. Most of the developing countries found it hard to trade globally due to the introduction of tariffs which were usually high for the infant industries to meet. They had limited exports since the tariffs which were imposed when exporting these goods and services were high hence leading to the increased costs of production. It is out of the increased costs of production that the infant industries from the developing countries could not realize their competitive advantage hence leading to increased poverty levels to these countries. As a result, the countries which are still undergoing development can now benefit from globalization since it means that they are in a position to export their products freely and hence can compete effectively with the other developed countries. As a result, it means that globalization has done so much in eradicating poverty levels especially in the developing countries (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). Increase employment Globalization accelerated growth from opening, an accelerated creation of private companies or MNEs and trade expansion have substantially accelerated the pace of job creation. During 1982-1999, the number of new jobs created in manufacturing and services almost doubled from 1965-1982 (Hauser and Oberhänsli, 2002). Source: adopted from Hauser and Oberhänsli in WTO news creates additional jobs (2002) According to Eurostat statistic data, in the 17 years from 1982 to 1999, 34 million jobs were created on average every year in manufacturing and services worldwide. From 1991 to 1999, 30.6 million new jobs were created worldwide, slightly less than during the period 1982-1991. This slowdown in job creation is the result of the restructuring of the formerly socialist economies in Europe (CEE/CIS), as the result of earlier mistakes and misallocations during the communist period. Another event was the 1997 Asian crisis that, according to ILO estimates, destroyed approximately 10 million jobs (ILO, 2000). But this latter event came after a period of very high job creation; for the whole period 1991-1999 it is the job losses in Eastern Europe that practically explain the difference, both in absolute and relative terms, in job creation vis-à -vis the 1982-1991 period. Between 1982 and 1999, employment growth was mainly in emerging economies, plus about 80 percent in Latin America and in Africa/Middle East, close to 120% in developing Asia. The very high pace of employment creation in emerging economies has not been a zero-sum game; all regions in the industrialized world participated in the employment gains, both in absolute terms and also relative to total population. The only area with unsatisfactorily low growth in employment was the European Union, but this was clearly not a consequence of globalizationbut of the excessive rigidities that constitute an obstacle to markets’ adjustments. Enhanced economic interdependence The sharp rise in trade has been accompanied by an even faster increase in foreign investment flows, as industries and companies relocate production processes throughout the world. During 1980-1997, world foreign direct investment flows increased at an annual average rate close to 15 percent, almost twice as fast as trade growth and considerably faster than world output. In particular, during the 1993-1998 periods, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows rose at an even faster rate, from US$219 billion to US$692 billion (UN, 2001). Developing countries for long only receivers of FDI – have now also become investors abroad. Trueglobalization does not mean one-way flows, but it means true interdependence. Economic interdependence can be taken to mean the economic corporation of many countries. Many countries are thought to have increased their economic interdependence. These countries are seen to come together for the trade purposes. A good example in this case can be seen in the formation of NAFTA, WTO, and UNACTAD among other bodies which are said to have increased the production and the market globalization. A good example in this case is NAFTA (North American free Trade association). It is with the formation of NAFTA the member countries have been in a position to expand in growth. This is because it is a free trade association between the member countries whereby there are reduced tariffs to the members of the association. So, the infant industries in these countries can be protected hence leading to their increased production. These countries will be in a position to produce more goods and services and sale them globally hence leading to the growth of the economy. So, it can be argued that the increased economic interdependence has led to the increased production of goods and services and also the globalization market. This is because these countries have made trade agreements so that they can promote trade (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). It is also with the increased economic integration that economies have been in a position to improve on infrastructure. The communication process in this case has been made easy since the communication – travel for these goods are made easy. With a good infrastructure, the production of these goods and services have increased since they can be transported quickly and marketed so quickly. The integrated labour force is also another area which has led to the increased production of goods. This is because the integrated labour ensures that people from other countries can work in a given country as long as they have the skills. As result, more expertise in the production hence lead to the increased production and the globalization market (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). Conclusion Globalization is one of the areas that led to most economies to improve. A good can be explained by analyzing the developing countries that they have benefited from the technologies developed by the rich countries. Without globalization that most of the developing countries that could not compete effectively with the developed countries are seen to benefit a lot from the issue of globalization. The rich countries are not better off because they have taken prosperity away from the poor ones; rather, the poor countries are better off because, but situation would have further improved had they been better prepared to capture the benefits of globalization. In additional, globalization is seen to have so many advantages in term of social, economical, and political aspects. It is seen to have increased production hence leading to the economic growth of countries especially in the developing countries. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C 英国语言学论文代写精选:“浅谈初级社会化中的不同性别角色”,这篇论文首先介绍了何为初级社会化中的不同性别角色,再对初级社会化中不同的性别角色进行了相关的分析和讨论。
Family is an important social part in the society. The basic concept of family is that a group of people directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which take care of children (Giddens, 2013). This kinship ties through marriage, through the lines of descent that connect blood relatives. In this essay, it will focus on gender roles in the nuclear family, which is family unit connected through marriage: “two adults and their own or adopted children” (Giddens, 2013). In our society, fathers are expected to offer a strong male role model to sons, act as disciplinarian for trouble-prone children. While mothers teach their children about communication, the feeling of being is connected to others. In the following part, the essay defines the gender socialization and primary socialization and it will also discuss the different gender roles in primary socialization. Definition of gender socialization and primary socialization They way we think or behave are the final product of socialization. Socialization is the process, through which the child becomes an individual respecting his or her environment laws, norms and customs (Epstein & Ward, 2011). It is said that the importance part of learning socialization is to define gender roles. The essence of Gender socialization is to learn behaviors and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex, which means that the girls learn to be girls and boys learn to be boys. This “learning” happens by way of many different agents of socialization (Bem, 1993). In nuclear family, it is necessary to reinforce the gender roles by parents during the primary period of socialization. When it is related to gender roles, parents should aware their important influence in a child’s early socialization, because they are present in a child’s life from the beginning (Epstein & Ward, 2011). This period is called as primary socialization, which is very important for children, because it sets the ground work for all future socialization. During this period, children learn the actions, values and attitudes appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture, which are mainly influenced by their parents. Therefore, we can realize the importance of gender socialization and primary socialization for children. In the following part, the essay will discuss the parents’ roles in primary socialization of their children. Mothers’ roles in primary socialization It is said that there is no role in life more essential and more eternal than that of motherhood, which indicates the importance of a mother in primary socialization in a family. In this part, the essay will mainly discuss three important roles of mothers influencing their children in the primary socialization. It mentioned that mothers teach their children about communication, the feeling of being is connected to others (Giddens, 2013). Mothers should build active relationships between their children to help the children to improve their communicating ability in the future, which is an important skill in their future life. In addition, mothers are more likely to talk to their children with words, eye-contact and other body languages, which can help the children to improve their ability to observe others through body languages. Finally, mothers can affect children’s gender consciousness. Girls will learn from their mother’s behaviors and boys become to know what a woman is (Gleitman & Fridlundm, 2000). These are some of the mothers’ roles in a family for children’s primary socialization and gender socialization. Fathers’ roles in primary socialization In the early century, it is believed that man is the ‘male breadwinner’ and in the labor market defined the position of women in the family (Crompton, 2006). This indicates that fathers have a little time to communicate and educate their children by themselves. However, fathers are still playing an important role in affecting their children and expected to offer a strong male role model to sons, act as disciplinarian for trouble-prone children (Giddens, 2013). For example, when the father is working, this behavior can teach his children the importance of working of their life. What’s more, disciplining children is an important role of a father. In a family, a daughter can realize from her father what a man is and what to look for a husband (Gleitman & Fridlundm, 2000). In addition, a son can learn from their father how to be a man and how to treat women. These are the special roles which fathers can delivery to their children. Above has analyzed the gender roles of fathers and mothers in a family, which cannot be replaced by each other at any time in the process of in their primary socialization and gender socialization. Therefore, as parents, they should aware their gender roles in a family, which can help them to influence their children in an active and proper way. These also are the responsibilities for mothers and fathers to play their role well for their children. Conclusion As a person, one will become a father or a mother in some day of their future life. It is necessary for him or her to know their roles in a family for their marriage, children and something else. As a family is an important social institution which is one the keys to ensure social stability. Therefore, it is vital to aware the parents’ roles to affect their children the primary socialization. This essay has discussed about the definition and importance of gender and primary socialization for children. During this period, parents’ gender roles play a significant role in children’s primary socialization. In the above part, the essay mentioned several different gender roles of fathers and mothers in a family, which is meaningful for some parents to aware their influence on their children. 51Due作为专业的留学教育辅导机构,专业辅导语言学论文代写、硕士paper代写、英国matlab作业代写,自2004年至今,坚持以学生为中心,全天候服务,为海外留学生完成了数万篇assignment代写、essay代写、report代写、dissertation代写等论文,以优质的英国代写服务赢得留学生的信赖,如有英国代写code需求或者英国it课程补习需求,欢迎咨询QQ800020041哦。 51Due网站原创范文除特殊说明外一切图文著作权归51Due所有,未经51Due官方授权谢绝任何用途转载或刊发于媒体。如发生侵犯著作权现象,51Due保留一切法律追诉权。-C |
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